Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review

Cells, Cell Division, and Cell Specialization Fundamentally Different Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell- single celled: only DNA+ structure (â€Å"before nucleus†) E. g. zygote-complete DNA Eukaryotic Cell-multi-celled (â€Å"after nucleus†) ProkaryotesEukaryotes DNAIn â€Å"nucleoid† regionWithin membrane-bound nucleus ChromosomesSingle, circularMultiple, linear OrganellesNoneMembrane-bound organelles SizeUsually smallerUsually larger- 50 times OrganizationUsually single-celledOften multicellular Sexual ReproductionNoneMeiosis: Combination of DMA from 2 cells 3 postulates of cell theory (Created by Schleiden, Schwann) . All living things are composed of cells 2. All cells from pre-existing cells (e. g. through cell division) 3. Cells are the basic functional units of living organisms Functions of organelles OrganelleIn business termsFunctions CytoplasmPlace to work-suspends organelles -stores substances that are needed for later -many chemical reactions take place CytoskeletonPlace to work-transports vesicles and organelles -determines cell shape E. g. while blood cell: uses it to reach and swallow bacterium Ribosome/ EnzymesWorkers-makes proteins that enter the ER for modification NucleusThe boss-protects DNA chromosome: large continuous piece of DNA, containing many genes -gene: many sets of instructions on a chromosome, make functional products -nucleolus: region of DNA that codes ribosomes -nuclear pore: holes in a nuclear membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Internal transportation-transports materials throughout the cell with its branching tubes and pockets -brain: assists with production, release of hormone -muscles: involved with muscle contraction Golgi ApparatusExports transportation-collect and process materials to be removed from the cell -make and secrete mucus Cell MembraneSecurity/ export/import-support the cell allow some substances to enter while keeping others out (semi-permeable) Chloroplasts Cash flow-absorb light energy for pho tosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll MitochondriaSpender of cash-make energy available to the cell -contains enzymes? convert stored energy into a easily usable form ( cellular respiration) LysosomesWaste removal/ recycling-digestive system of cell? break down waste from both inside and outside the cell Vacuoles Storage-contain substance, removing unwanted maintaining internal turgor pressure within the cellDifferentiating between plant and animal organelles AnimalsPlants Lysosome: present in all animal cells but not allCell Wall: provides structural support, prevents cells from rupturing, outside of cell membrane Centrioles: involved in cell divisionChloroplasts: absorb light energy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll Vacuole: a portion of the cell membrane may turn inside out to form a vacuole to digest the engulfed objectVacuole: controls t urgor pressure, much larger Reasons who cells must divide 1.Reproduction -all cells use division to reproduce -single celled organisms: split to form new organism (asexual reproduction) -multi celled organisms: 2 parental cells combine to form new organism (sexual reproduction) 2. Growth -transport of nutrients and waste across the cell limits cell size (diffusion: from highly concentrated areas to lower concentrated areas) -movement of chemical occurs by diffusion? cells get too large, chemical and water can’t move fast -only way to get bigger and still function properly is to add more cells 3. Repair/Regeneration -needed to stay alive E. g. kin cells replaced daily, red blood cells replaced ever 120 days, breaking bones or cuts and blisters: new cells needed to fill the gaps -replaces lost cells Why do cells specialize? Cells have exact same DNA in its nucleus? location and chemical messages from other cells activate certain genes. As a result each cell has a unique functio n in which they must perform Types of stem cells â€Å"Undifferentiated† Totipotent-â€Å"embryonic† stem cells E. g. zygote ?Completely undifferentiated E. g. cells from first few divisions after fertilization ? Can become any type ? Destroys the embryo when collected Pluripotent- â€Å"adult† stem cells E. g. trophoblast Already partially differentiated and located in specific body tissues E. g. bone marrow, umbilical cord ? Can become many types, but not all Multipotent ? Can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types Cancer- What and how it forms What: When genes that control the duration of interphase get mutations (random changes in DNA code) that causes a cell to grow out of control. As a result it forms a tumor (lumps of cells) that doesn’t fully differentiate or function properly, using valuable resources Tumor Types 1. Benign (non-cancerous): cells don’t interfere or invade other cells, but large masses can crowd nearby tissues 2.Malignant (cancerous): interferes or invades other cells, nearby tissues and potentially mestasize Mestasize: process of cancer cells dividing and going to other places in the body by breaking away from an invasive primary tumor, forming additional secondary tumors Causes of Cancer 1. Cellular: DNA is copied improperly during S phase of cell cycle 2. Environmental: mutations caused by carcinogens (E. g. chemicals, energy, some viruses) Methods of Screening Cancer -Pap smear (cervical cancer) -Mammogram (breast cancer) -Colonoscopy (colorectal cancer) -PSA blood test (prostate cancer) -Self-ExaminationBiopsy: removal of body tissue for laboratory examination (E. g. taken with endoscope) Methods of diagnosing cancer -Endoscopy: Camera and tissue extractor -X-ray: uses radiations to get images of tissues -Ultrasound: uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues -CT/Cat Scan: Computer Axial Tomography creates #. D images MRI Scan: Magnetic Resonance Imaging creates #. D image us ing magnetic fields and radio waves and computer analysis Different methods of treating cancer -Surgery: physically removing -Chemotherapy: treating with a series of drugs that target rapidly dividing cells -Radiation: killing cancer cells with target radiationBiophotonics: uses beams of light to detect and treat cancer Different parts of the cell cycle- Description Interphase: -period before a cell divides -longest part of the cycle (3/4 of its time) -cell grows, performs daily functions and chromosomes are duplicated S-Stage of Interphase Strands of the SNA are copied but remain attacted to the original protein Mitosis: process by which all cells divide (to divide up the DNA that has been copied and create 2 identical cells each with a complete set of chromosomes Prophase: duplicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (chromatin begins to condense by supercoiling, wrapping around protein balls -nuclear membrane starts to dissolve) -spindle fibres (made of microtubles) form -centriole s move to opposite ends (poles of the cell) Metaphase: -double stranded chromosomes line up along the equator (middle of the cell) Anaphase: -each double stranded chromosome splits and the single stranded chromosomes travel along the spindle fibres to opposite ends of the cell -sister chromatids get pulled apartTelophase: -chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and become longer and thinner -new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes -spindle fibres disappear -supercoiled DNA begins to uncoil to form chromatin again Cytokinesis: -division of cytoplasm and cellular organelles (pinching off to form individual cells) Plant cells: grow a new cell plate built with proteins to form a new membrane) Result: mother cell splits in half to form 2 daughter cells Drawing the cell cycle

Electronic Music

Electronic Music may include tape music (existing only on tape, and played through loudspeakers), live electronic music (created on synthesizers or other electronic equipment in real time), musique concrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te (created from recorded and subsequently modified sounds), or music which combines live performers and taped electronic sound. Although these types of music refer primarily to the nature of the technology and techniques involved, divisions are increasingly blurred. Other terminology, such as computer music, electro-acoustic music, acousmatic music, and radiophonic music, has also come into use, more often to indicate aesthetic rather than technological preferences. In the early 1900s the Italian Futurists, led by composer Luigi Russolo, envisaged a music created with noise and electronic â€Å"music boxes†, and the first commercially available electronic music instruments appeared at this time. However, although visionary composers like Scriabin and Henry Cowell had dreamt of music created by purely electronic means, electronic music first became realistically possible when recording technology developed during World War II. Several studios came into being in the 1940s and 1950s, and were associated with key figures and specific artistic aims. In France, sound engineer and composer Pierre Schaeffer formed the French Radio studio (RTF) in Paris, built around several tape recorders, microphones, and tape editing equipment. The principal techniques for creating music were the cutting, splicing, looping, or reversal of lengths of recorded tape. These tape manipulation techniques resulted in a kind of sound montage, painstakingly created from recordings of sounds from the â€Å"real world†. Schaeffer referred to the results as musique concrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te, a term still in wide use today, especially in France. His first experiment in this new genre used recordings of the sounds of trains, and all his works of this time were brief sound studies with evocative titles, such as Symphonie pour un homme seul, composed in collaboration with his younger colleague, Pierre Henry. Schaeffer's practical experiments in electronic music composition were supported by his influential theoretical writings on the subject, and the studio of Henry and Schaeffer attracted several emerging composers, among them the composer Pierre Boulez. In the late 1940s in Germany, Werner Meyer-Eppler, a physicist and Director of the Institute of Phonetics at Bonn University, first demonstrated a Vocoder, an analytical device which included a synthetic human voice. His theoretical work influenced the composers associated with the West German Radio studio in Cologne (founded 1953), who were concerned with the electronic synthesis of sounds, through the use of tone generators and other sound-modifying devices. The first director of the Cologne Studio, Herbert Eimert, was highly influential in his method of using total serialism as a basis of constructing electronic works. In this method all aspects of music, including pitch, rhythm, and relative volume were controlled by numerically defined principles. Electronic sounds and devices provided a suitable precision and control for the realization of this concept. By a process known as additive synthesis (see section on sound synthesis, below) composers such as Maderna and Stockhausen lab oriously constructed short electronic pieces, derived entirely from electronic sounds. In the later 1950s many electronic music studios were established in Europe, the most significant being the RAI studio in Milan, founded by Berio and Maderna, the Institute of Sonology in Utrecht, and the EMS studio in Stockholm. The division between musique concrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te and pure electronic music was a largely European phenomenon. Although various studios arose at the same time in the United States, aesthetic distinctions were less important. In the 1950s in New York, composers Otto Luening and Vladimir Ussachevsky produced tape music from very basic studio equipment. Their music transformed the recorded sounds of instruments and voices through tape manipulation techniques and simple reverberation units. In the late 1950s they became associated with the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, at which composer Milton Babbitt used a huge RCA computer, filling an entire room, to create music composed on similar serial principles to Eimert and Stockhausen in Cologne. His work Philomel (1964) was one of the first to be written for live performer and tape. The development of computing technology in the 1950s and 1960s led to the establishment of a number of studios specifically concerned with computer music at American universities and, to a lesser extent, in Europe. During the 1960s and 1970s the Americans Paul Lansky and Barry Vercoe, among others, developed music software packages (computer programs specifically designed for the manipulation and creation of sound) which were freely available to interested composers. This tradition of software development at American universities has done much to aid the growth of computer music worldwide. The Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) at Stanford University, in California, and the Institut de Recherche et de Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM) in Paris, founded by Pierre Boulez in 1977, both made significant use of computers and remain influential centres of electronic music composition today. The rapid development of computing technology, in the last 15 years or so, has brought about a revolution in computer music and electronic music in general. Computers are now more affordable, and computer programs which originally took hours to run can now be completed in a matter of seconds, or even in real time. Today, many universities have a computer music studio and several countries have national studios, devoted to the composition of electronic music. In addition, composers are increasingly working independently, in personal studios.

Persuade/Learn to Swim Essay

Everyone should learn how to swim. Swimming gives a wide range of benefits for people of all age groups. It can help prevent calamities from happening and is a great way to stay active. It is a simple and affordable way to keep busy year round and have a great deal of fun. Many people begin swimming as a child and become very passionate about the sport as they grow up, and some even swim professionally. Knowing how to swim can avoid many injuries and accidents from occurring. Although there is lots of fun to be had in the water, it can be dangerous for those who are not capable to keep themselves afloat. Drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury-related death for children between the ages of one and fourteen, according to a document published by the Centers for Disease Control in 2003. Are these deaths preventable? Absolutely. Everyone should at least have a basic skill to keep their head above water and ideally the ability to help save someone else if they are in trouble. Swimming can be a great way to make friends and meet new people. Joining the local swim team is a popular activity among children and teens. While there, they are able to spend time with friends and even meet new ones while maintaining an active lifestyle. Many kids spend their summers at pools or beaches. These are wonderful ways to relax and have fun, but beaches and pools can be very dangerous for those who are unable to keep themselves afloat. It is not necessary to master difficult strokes. Knowing a simple freestyle or even the â€Å"doggie paddle† will be adequate to make the water a much safer place. Children from non-swimming households are eight times more likely to be at-risk of drowning, according to the USA Swimming Foundation as of 2009. Swimming is a common way to stay healthy and maintain an active lifestyle. Swimming has also become a major part of many physical therapy routines for those recovering from surgery or injuries. According to Livestrong.com, when  compared to running, swimming burns approximately 89 percent of the calories burned during running. Elderly people can also benefit from swimming and other water related exercises because it is a low impact activity which decreases their chance of injury or joint stress. Some might dispute that swimming is a waste of time or that it is an unnecessary pursuit but, they have the wrong impression. As swimming is not only a popular and enjoyable pastime, it also has numerous benefits. Learning how to swim is important for everyone and it should not be overlooked. The process of learning to swim is a great way for younger children to gain independence and confidence in their own abilities. It teaches them that if they try hard they can accomplish a task all on their own and gives them the ability to stay safe in the water at the same time. Everyone should give swimming a try at least once in their life. It might not become a lifelong passion for everyone but it will for a select few. And no matter how someone feels about swimming, they will at least have gained a valuable ability and can now safely enjoy the many other water sports and activities. So, to sum everything up, everyone can benefit from learning how to swim.

Accreditation Audit Essay

With all of the possible problems that could occur during surgery, a wrong-site, wrong-patient mistake is one that should never arise. Nightingale Community Hospital (NCH) fully understands the importance of doing away with these errors and has set up protocol to work towards this goal. While the protocol is in place, it is not fully compliant with Joint Commission (JC) standards. Standard: UP.01.01.01: Conduct a preprocedure verification process. Nightingale Community Hospital has a Site Identification and Verification policy and procedure. Within this policy, and Preoperative/Preprocedure Verification Process is addressed. There is also a Preprocedure Hand-Off form present. This form is a bit misleading as it is essentially a hand-off form in general with a few extra boxes possible for check-off. To prepare for inspection and audit, NCH should create and implement a form for use within the Operating Theater or wherever procedures are performed, such as bedside procedures. This form needs to be more specific in addressing at least the minimum requirements by JC. The form needs to cite that all relevant documentation is present, such as signed consent form, nursing assessment, preanesthesia assessment, history and physical. The form also needs to specify that the necessary diagnostic and radiology test results, rather they be images and scans, or biopsy reports, and properly displayed and labeled. Finally, to fulfill the minimum requirements by JC, any and all required blood products, implants, devices, and special equipment needs to be labeled and matched to the patient. Standard: UP.01.02.01: Mark the procedure site. NCH covers the procedure site marking standard fairly well within their Site Identification and Verification Policy. It mentions that site marking is needed for those cases involving laterality, multiple structures, or levels. Several times in their policy NCH mentions that it is best to have the patient involved, if at all possible. If the patient is unable to mark the site, the policy states that the physician will be called to mark the site. The policy states that the mark shall be made in permanent black marker so it will remain visible after skin preparation, and also in a location that will remain visible after sterile draping is in place. The policy also  includes circumstances in which the marking will be unable to be performed based on the location of the surgery being in an area that is unable to be marked. Standard: UP.01.03.01: A time-out is performed before the procedure. Nightingale Community Hospital has an adequate procedure in place for the time-out performance. Within the Site Identification and Verification Policy, the Time-Out Procedure complies with JC standards. A time-out is to be conducted immediately prior to performance of the procedure, it is initiated by the nurse or technologist, it involves all personnel involved in the procedure, the team members agree to a minimum of patient identity, correct site, and correct procedure to be performed, and all of this information is documented in the record, including those involved and the duration of the time-out. The only issue not addressed fully is the possibility of multiple procedures occurring on the same patient by different practitioners, and in that case, an additional time-out needs to be done for every new procedure. The Communication priority focus area is an extremely important area for any hospital. This is a common sense area that should be able to reach complete compliance. A wrong-patient, wrong-site issue should never arise and is completely avoidable. In 2010, Joint Commission reported that wrong-patient/site surgeries continued to be the most frequently reported sentinel event(Spath 2011).Jay Arthur states that JC reports between four and six wrong-site surgeries per day(2011). The World Health Organization believes that at least 500,000 deaths per year could be prevented if the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist was correctly implemented. These numbers, when compared with the possibility of 100% compliance, are astounding and completely avoidable. Nightingale Community Hospital is well on their way to avoiding these types of sentinel events through usages of proper protocol, procedures, and policy as is seen by the upward trend from their last year of self-checks. With continued diligence and appropriate modifications made, this can be an area that NCH, and any other hospital can be fully compliant in. References Arthur, J. (2011). Lean six sigma for hospitals: Simple steps to fast, affordable, flawless healthcare. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Spath, P. L. (2011). Error reduction in health care: A systems approach to improving patient safety (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Jossy-Bass. WHO (2013). WHO | Safe surgery saves lives. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/patientsafety/safesurgery/en/ [Last Accessed November 5, 2013]. Accreditation Audit Essay A1. Evaluation Nightingale Community Hospital (NCH) is committed to upholding the core values of safety, accountability, teamwork, and community. In preparation for the upcoming readiness audit, NCH will be launching a corrective action plan in direct response to the recent findings in the tracer patient. Background information on the tracer patient is as follows: 67 year old female postoperative patient recovering from a planned laparoscopic hysterectomy turned open due to complications. Patient developed infection that formed an abscess and was readmitted to the hospital for surgical abscess removal and central line placement for long term IV antibiotics. The tracer methodology was employed when auditors reviewed this patient’s course. Many things were done well and right with this patient and NCH is pleased to know that the majority of items analyzed with this patient proved that NCH was in compliance with regulatory standards; however, there were some troublesome areas that we need to focus on. The primary focus area that we will put our energies into will be the fact that there was not a history and physical completed on the patient within 24 hours of admission, and in fact it was greater than 72 hours before one was completed. See more: My Writing Process Essay The Joint Commission mandates standards that are to be met in order to maintain compliance. Standard PC.01.02.03 states that history and physicals must be documented and placed in the patient’s medical record within 24 hours of admission and prior to procedures involving conscious sedation or anesthesia. History and physicals are also considered in compliance if documented 30 days prior to procedures as long as there are no changes documented or the changes in status are specifically noted. (Joint Commission Update, n.d.) A2. Plan Often, rules and regulations are met with disdain and it is usually because there is no explanation provided as to why the rule exists. The rules for History and physical documentation are in place for a reason and are not just to make things more complicated. History and physicals provide  all health care providers that participate in a patient’s care a glimpse into that patient’s health status and immediate concerns. (Shuer, 2002) The information provided in a history and physical paints a portrait for all other health care team members to follow and treat accordingly. Often, emergent situations may arise where other health care specialty providers may not have the time to glean medical background information from patients and/or their representatives and the history and physical then serves as the go to source of information. Compliance regulations can be hard to understand the reasoning behind them sometimes, but if we all work together to make sure that we meet them, then NCH will continue to embrace the core values that we have worked so hard to instill and embrace. The following outline is a corrective action plan that will ensure compliance with the Joint Commission and bring us up to par for the readiness audit. Action Accountable Parties Timeframe Measurement History and Physical Physicians & physician assistants 1. Within 24 hours of admission. 2. Within 30 days prior to a procedure involving conscious sedation or anesthesia. Chart reviews and if requirements are not met, patients will be held in the surgical admitting unit and procedures will be delayed. There must be 100% compliance. B. Sources Joint Commission Update Study Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2014, from med2.uc.edu/libraries/GME_Forms/Joint_Commision_Upd_1.sflb.ashx Shuer, L. M. (2002). Improvement needed on h&p documentation. Medical Staff Update, 26(5), Retrieved from med.stanford.edu/shs/update/archives/May2002/chief.html

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LAND LAW - Essay Example It states above that the property was only registered in one name and therefore it would only require one signature for the sale or mortgage of the property1. This effectively means that Harry is entitled to mortgage the house without consulting with Ella. Subsection 2 lists the other interests or charges over the land that can be classed as legal interests and includes such things as easements2, rights of way, rentcharges3, legal mortgages4 and other similar charges. Under the Land Registration Act 1925 s5 the courts recognise the registered land as belonging to any person to whom the land has been registered as having an absolute title to that land5. This would effectively mean that Ella would not have a legal interest in the property. It is possible that she could argue that the money she paid towards the purchase of the house entitles her to a share of the property6. If Ella can show that she made a direct contribution to the purchase price the court would be free to concur that by her actions a resulting trust has been duly created7. The equitable presumption of resulting trusts is that a person who contributes to the purchase price of the land must have done so with the intention of acquiring an interest in that land in proportion to the amount that they have paid towards the purchase price8. If the courts can find that such an intention is to be inferred by Ella’s actions then they will give effect to the presumption thereby whilst recognising Harry as the legal owner of the property requiring him to hold the property on trust for Ella9. A resulting, implied or constructive trust†¦is created by a transaction between the trustee and the cestui que trust in connection with the acquisition by the trustee of a legal estate in land, whenever the trustee has so conducted himself that it would be inequitable to allow him to deny the cestui que trust a beneficial

The imposition of the legal burden on the prosecution is a formality Essay

The imposition of the legal burden on the prosecution is a formality - Essay Example Legal matters are highly complex because there are a number of issues that need to be addressed before a verdict can be reached. The greatest complexity that lies when one is dealing with a legal issue is that burden of proof. Every man or woman, who is guilty of a crime the law, grants them an opportunity to defend themselves and provide sufficient evidences to prove their innocence. Therefore, those people who believe that legal burden of evidences is shouldered by the prosecution is largely a legal formality and it is in fact the defense that needs to proof the innocence of the defendant. This is most commonly known as evidential burden and is usually presented by the defense and subjected to further analysis by the prosecutor. A very important dictum by Viscount Sankey in 1935 forms of the basis of this legal argument is: â€Å"Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisonerâ€⠄¢s guilt subject to ...the defense of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception†. The aforementioned statement takes the English Criminal system into account and describes how it is always the prosecution’s duty to prove the defendants guilt, hence the prosecution shoulders the burden of proving the guilt and assessing the credibility of the defendant’s proof. This clearly indicates that actually the burden of presenting the proofs of innocence lies with the defendant. Courts have placed the entire legal responsibility on the defendant ‘by necessary implication’. According to Ashworth and Blake, around 40% of the trails held at crown court actually require the defendant to prove his defense or at least one element of his offence to actually be cleared of all charges that are pressed against the individual in question. This is widely adopted form of jurisprudence and in many European nations the same practice is implemented. This can be fu rther understood by taking the following statement in to account, which was given by European convention of human rights. It is stated, â€Å"Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law†. (Cooper, 2003, p. 3) Therefore, it is extremely lucid as to why the actual burden of trial is on the defendant because it is a constitutional right of every individual to defend him or her against any charges and effectively provide plausible evidences or alibi that completely exonerates them. Then as a formality, the persecution actually assesses and cross-questions the defendant to make sure that the evidences brought forward by the individual are reliable and sufficient enough for the court to reach a verdict. It is true that modern criminal justice system has changed immensely and now every individual whether guilty or innocent, do rights in order to protect their interests. The fact that now the criminal justice system provide s every individual the latitude to have a say in their trial, they actually provide the evidences themselves and actually speed up the process by providing first-hand evidences and saves a lot of time for the court. This aspect of a criminal trail was further elaborated by the trial of Sachs J in State vs. Coetzee in 1997 trial; in the trail it was made clear that the more serious the offence is it is important that the defendant gets ample amount of say in the matter because the defendant’s entire life and future well-being is at stake. Therefore at a moral level it is only fitting that every individual gets a say in his trial and actually gets a chance to defend himself by providing evidence of his

The advent of the internet age and mobile technology Essay

The advent of the internet age and mobile technology - Essay Example With this virtual shrinking of distances between people comes the ability to be much more customized in terms of solutions and marketing. To be sure, the ability of companies to remain competitive in today's global business climate depends on their ability to anticipate and meet the personal needs of each individual with whom they conduct transactions. Technology enables businesses to detect various degrees of individual interest in various subjects, and then match marketing campaigns in a way that is most likely to resonate with various categories of people. A more standardized approach may have been necessary back in the day when companies depended on a certain amount of business within a particular defined geography and set of hours in order to deliver goods and services most efficiently within those constraints. Standardization was also a marketing tool designed to reassure potential consumers of a particular product or service that the purchase were making was identical in quality to those of other who are making the same purchase. In the pre-internet age, when product information and research was not as readily available as it is today, such an assurance would have been very important to consumers who would otherwise have little reason to be confident that their purchases would meet their needs. Today, howev

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Report - Essay Example These cases involved unethical practices at the top management level and unacceptable risk-taking by companies’ CEOs in order to attain high level of financial gains. The underlying aim of the current quantitative research is to investigate the effects of risk attitude on company performance indicators and whether or not this has led to a change in attitudes of companies’ CEOs. Thus, the quantitative research performed in this report focus on two relationships as indicated below: 1. Whether or not there has been a change in attitudes to risk before and after the UBS bank scandal; 2. Whether or not there is a correlation between the risk attitude of companies and their volatility, and if so to measure this effect. Data Collection The present study uses data from both primary and secondary sources of information. Primary Data The research uses quantitative approach for data collection and analysis. The primary data involve collection of responses of selected companies CEO s regarding their risk attitudes after Barings crash. For this purpose, a sample of 100 CEOs of various large financial organizations presently operating in London, UK has been selected. In this study, a non-probability purposive sampling method has been used that involved acquiring a list of 100 largest companies on the basis of the size of their workforce from the Financial Times. These companies were then approached requesting CEOs to complete a short questionnaire in order to assess their attitude to risk. The attitude to risk is measured on the basis of a ranking from 1 to 30 with 1 being the most conservative and 30 being the most risky. This data make up values for one variable RISKATT_AFTER. The selection of a sample of largest financial organizations operating in London could be considered to have certain limitations such as similarities in their responses suggesting possible biasness as they may have a common approach to managing their businesses due to demographics and bu siness context. The selection of only large companies avoids inclusion of views of smaller organizations which may have different and prudent attitude towards risk-taking measures. Their input would have been beneficial to include their views related to risk before and after crash of Barings. Secondary Data The research also makes use of secondary data that are obtained from two published articles from years 2007 and 2009, which provided measures of the risk attitude of the selected 100 organizations. These data are included in the present study for another variable RISKATT_BEFORE using the same scale from 1 to 30. The limitation associated with the inability of the researcher to evaluate the accuracy of this information is included in the present study, which could have direct implications for its outcome. Furthermore, the secondary data pertaining to stock’s volatility have been obtained for the selected companies. This information includes minimum (SHARE_MIN) and maximum ( SHARE_MAX) share prices and their standard deviation (SD_SHARE) during period before and after Barings crash. Descriptive Analysis This section provides descriptives pertaining to two variables RISKATT_AFTER and RISKATT-BEFORE. This highlights the difference in the

Media Ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Ethic - Essay Example A Free Press serves the nation successfully when it serves its family fairly.† (Babu and Shetty, 255) Though context of delivering the judgment was different, but role and ethical importance of the news media have reflected from his judgment. Role of ethics in journalism has become so important that media ethics has emerged as a new discipline of study in this field. Progress in the field of media ethics depends greatly over â€Å"responsible journalism’ as it aims at conveying â€Å"truth and enlightenment.† (Berry, 82) Media ethics has been provided with so much important these days as it has failed to comply with its integral relationship with social justice. The morality factor plays an important role in the development of media ethics and factors like ‘social and self-responsibilities, duties, rights, consequences, truth, trust, objectivity-subjectivity, public interest, representation and purpose’ are associated with it. In the book, Social Justice, Matthew Clayton, Andrew Williams have commented, â€Å"Issues of social justice, in the broadest sense, arise when decisions affect the distribution of benefits and burdens between different individuals or groups.† (Clayton, Williams, 1) The concept of social justice is essentially related with common people and issues related to the sense of justice. It is expected that all forms of media will attempt to heighten the aspect of justice from different perspectives. Looking into the current condition of news media it is widely regarded that it has declined to some extent from its actual role. There are several occasions, where news media has failed to comply with its role as voice of people. This is the main reason that ethics in case of news media is provided with special attention. Recently, the unequal distribution of power factor is becoming increasingly conspicuous in the society and on several occasions the news media has intentionally refused to pay attention to such factor. Judging from the

Guest lecturer reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Guest lecturer reports - Essay Example By so doing, no one will be to blame upon failure of a particular technology. There are different views on the relationship between technology and society. Technological determinism argues on the basis of engineers devising a technology which is either rejected or adapted by the society. It sees technological development as inevitable and autonomous. Political determinism incorporates commercial imperatives and global capitalism while social constructivism relays the possibilities of innovation when technology is embedded in its social context. Engineers as societies have management thus self-regulated. They operate on the basis of division of labour and it is such management that aided in the launch of the Challenger Space Shuttle. Being the 2nd innovation in the space exploration, it completed nine successful missions before exploding in the 10th mission. Although it halted the passion for space missions, judgments on the cause of the explosion began. Political explanation linked t he explosion to low temperatures while engineers put blames on the management. The judgment was considered from scientific perspective where an analysis on the design of the space shuttle was made. It was finally discerned that Challenger explosion was due to failure of any joints that exist between the two lower sections of the right solid rocket motor [Rumerman, 2000]. Basically, there are technical problems that existed but engineers did not concentrate to it. Perhaps, joint rotation was a minor problem and was fixed by SRB O-rings. However, NASA and Morton Thiokol (MT) engineers do not reach a consensus on the O-ring problems. Tests are done to solve the conflicting ideas of the size of gap that affected the sealing capacity of the rings. NASA uses electrical instrument to measure rotation and concludes that joint rotation is a serious problem because SRB fails test. On the other hand, Morton Thiokol engineers prove that joint rotation is not a serious problem despite failure of SRB in the 8th cycle of the hydro burst test. The challenger launch decision is thus upheld to meet appropriate professional standards. Judgments should be made based on evidence relating to materials, environment and people. Considering this fact, they make sure that before implementing a particular technology, it is safe enough to be handled by people. Scientific ideas and principles may be complex and controversial if it differs from social judgment (National academics, 2013). Engineering judgments should provide pragmatic solutions. For instance, the rocket motor is designed with seals which work under conditions of temperature and pressure that exceed expected launch. This helps to create a scientific experience to bring back the thought that long halted the launch of space program until the facts of the dimensional problems were identified. In order to protect public welfare, engineers must be aware of the test designs to be applied in providing solutions (Lewis, & Richard, 1 988). The challenger launch decision therefore was based on a new recommendation which stated that low temperature was not a big problem notwithstanding facts that the prediction of the launch temperatures was outside NASA specifications. This follows acceptance of recommendations made by MT engineers and a decision to launch the space shuttle

Improving Health Care Facilities Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improving Health Care Facilities - Term Paper Example I happened to visit a health care facility within our community where I observed that services did not reach the expected level. To begin with, the reception area was crowded since the queues moved so slowly. The fact that most patients required urgent attention triggered a feeling of inconveniences when one looked at the queues. In some cases, patients paid other people to queue on their behalf as they waited for their long-awaited turn to see a doctor. Later on when my turn came, I realized that the long queues were as a result of mismanagement and disorganization at the reception desk. The facility is still using manual filling and patient allocation system to the relevant doctors. This made the attendants at the reception look exhausted hence disinterested in what was happening. The communication channel in the facility can well be described as inefficient. The receptionist shouted the patient name when their turn came to be attended. Other than triggering noise making in the facility hallway, it caused confusion as everyone tried to enquire the owner of the name. In response to such situations, telecommunication application in this facility can best improve their services for instance, installation of microphone communicators. The communicator effectively ensures that the information passed by the reception attendant systematically flows to all hallways in the facility. Consequently, its application ensures organization at the reception since each individual hears their name from wherever they are without much struggle. In effort to reduce the queues, the health facility needs to appreciate the advancement of technology such as the use of computers. Other than reducing the workload at the reception, it organizes the facility’s data in such a manner that each patient’s data appears by the click of a button (Russell, 1927) . Moreover, most facilities now utilize the resources offered by the digital advancements hence offering better services to the respective clients (Julie, Miller & Horowitz, 2010). On the other hand, application of certain frameworks with the intent of improving the facility’s processes best achieves the improvement objective (Teicholz & Ikeda, 1995). However, focusing on the management of the Information Technology department (IT), the frameworks call for critical assessment first. As a recommendation, the management can start with adoption of technological advancement to increase the efficiency of their department’s services. At the outset, advocacy of installing surveillance systems by the management of the Information and Technology department greatly improves the facility’s processes. It simplifies yet improves the efficiency of supervision in the facility. This way, monitoring the employee’s activities becomes easier since it does not require personal presence. In addition, monitoring more than one sector at a go becomes possible when using screens in the IT department. Moreover, network connection done from the IT department would not only enhance the facility’s processes but also augment improvement of communication channels. Application of such network frameworks contributes towards better performance of the facility by simplifying process performances. In the patient monitoring section for instance, these networks monitor the patients performance continuously hence avoiding person to person contact between the patient and the nurse. Therefore, installing these networks means that the facility reduces p ersonal check-ups every now and then. Thus, personal attendance only becomes essential when the machine signals an emergency in

Writing a paper about a "TED TALK" Essay

Writing a paper about a "TED TALK" - Essay Example Professor Amy Cuddy said that some power poses don’t only change the way people are perceived by others but also change their body’s chemistry immediately. Body language judgments will predict life outcomes that are meaningful like who people are, who they will promote or hire and how they will ask out for a date. This research will focus on how body language shapes who people are. Amy Cuddy argues that nonverbal expressions of dominance and power in the animal kingdom is about stretching out, expanding, and making you big. It is not limited to primates alone but also to animals which also do this whenever they feel chronically powerful and also the moment they feel powerful. Both people, born blind or with sight expand their bodies and throw hands in the air after winning in competitions. When people feel powerless, they wrap themselves up, close up, make themselves smaller and can’t pump into others. It is possible for people to fake it until they make it. Nonverbal communications can govern both how people feel and think about themselves and also how other people feel and think about them. People smile when they are excited but also feel happy when forced to smile thru holding a pen amid their teeth. A power pose is likely struck by people feeling powerful, but when they pretend to have a powerful feeling they are likely to feel more powerful. People know that their minds can change their bodies (Amy). They should know that their bodies can also change their minds. The minds of the powerful tend to be more optimistic, assertive and confident. They will take more risks as they reason abstractedly (Amy). Difference in physiology is there too, on both the stress hormone and the dominance hormone, cortisol and testosterone respectively. Therefore, when people think of power they should not think on testosterone only but also cortisol as

Rate of Glucose Uptake by Yeast Cells Lab Report

Rate of Glucose Uptake by Yeast Cells - Lab Report Example From the equation, it can be concluded that one mole of glucose reacts with two moles Cu2+ to give one mole of Cu2O. Thus, one can weigh the mass of Cu2O formed and relate it to the amount of glucose present in a solution. This method can be used to study the rate of glucose uptake by yeast cells. 2. Start the timer and add 1.00 mL of yeast suspension with a micropipette into one flask containing the glucose solution. Repeat this until 7 replicates are obtained. Please note that this has to be done very fast (within 1 minute if possible). To the remaining flasks, add 1.00 mL of distilled water into each, and label them as blank. 4. After 30 minutes have elapsed, pour the contents of one flask labelled blank sample and one containing the yeast suspension into two separate beakers containing around 150 mL of boiling distilled water. Cool the mixtures to room temperature and transfer them into two separate 250-mL volumetric flasks. Add distilled water to the flasks to make a final volume of 250.00 mL. Shake the flasks well and let them stand until clear supernatants are obtained (the blank solution should not have a sediment if the experiment has been done properly). Label the one obtained from the blank sample as B60 and the other one as Y60 5. Pipette 25.00 mL of supernatant from B60 and pour it in a 100 mL beaker. Add 25 mL of 0.2500 M Benedict's solution (it is in excess) to the beaker containing the supernatant from B60. Heat the resulting mixture to boiling until a red precipitate is formed. Cool this mixture to room temperature. Repeat to get a replicate. 6. Filter the mixture with a Gooch crucible tared with filter paper using the set up shown in Figure 1. Wash the precipitate several times with cold distilled water. Figure 1. Set up for filtration apparatus 7. Use a cloth (this would avoid fingerprints on the surface) to remove the crucible containing the precipitate from the filtration apparatus. 8. Dry the sample to constant mass. Ensure that tongs are used to handle the crucible and that the sample is kept/cooled in a dessicator before weighing. 9. Repeat steps 5-8 with Y60. 10. Repeat steps 4-9 to get data at t =120,180,240,300,360,420 mins and label the samples accordingly. Calculations As per Equation 1, one mole of glucose reacts with two moles of Cu2+ to give one mole of Cu2O. In the above experiment, glucose is the limiting reagent and Cu2+ is in excess. Hence the amount (mole) of Cu2O formed of is directly proportional to the amount of glucose in the solution. Molar mass of Cu2O = (63.55 x 2) + 16 = 143.10 Molar mass of glucose, C6H12O6 = (12.01 x 6) + (1.01 x 12) + (16.00 x 6) = 180.18 No. of moles of Cu2O formed =

How the Field of Business Has Been Impacted by Social Networking Research Paper

How the Field of Business Has Been Impacted by Social Networking - Research Paper Example The research focuses on the companies’ increasing their market segment presence by sending messages that will encourage members of the social networking sites to buy the company’s products and services. The field of business has been impacted by social networking. The research focuses on riding the bandwagon by offering the company’s products on the social networking sites. The company communicates with current and prospective clients to persuade them to buy the company’s products and services by joining the innovative social networking groups. The field of business has been innovatively and creatively impacted by social networking in the area of increasing the company’s advertising exposure to generate more prospective customers. Innovation is very important. Innovation ensures the company’s presence and even leadership in the same market segment. Innovation can creatively persuade the current and prospective clients to prioritize the compan y’s products and services over the competitors’ product lines. Innovation creates demand for the company’s products and services. In terms of changing the field, social networking is the new innovative development in terms of communication tool. People spend more time visiting social networking sites to buy their needs and wants to compare to visiting physical stores. Many companies advertise their products on the social networking sites to generate more clients (global in nature). The use of online selling has innovatively changed the faces of buying and selling in our current market environment. The field of business has been strongly impacted by the change in lifestyle and society to have more focus on social networking. The social networking sites allow advertising at minimal cost. Small businesses can have a better playing field in terms of marketing their products and services.  

McCain's Bid for Re-Election and His Stance on Immigration Term Paper

McCain's Bid for Re-Election and His Stance on Immigration - Term Paper Example McCain has changed many of his controversial opinions and policies in order to get more public acceptance. The critics blame McCain for such fluctuating policies. His the opponent in the Republican Party for the Presidential nomination, Hayworth accused McCain of teaming with Democrats on issues. He blamed McCain for working with â€Å"Sen. Russ Feingold of Wisconsin on campaign finance reform and with the late Sen. Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts on an immigration bill that would have created a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants† (U.S. Senate Facing Toughest Re-Election Bid, McCain Moves Right on Several Issues).   Hayworth and his supporters are particularly troubled by McCain's immigration bill, which they call "amnesty" for illegal immigrants. McCain has since backed off his calls for comprehensive immigration reform, saying the government should focus first on securing the border before figuring out how to handle the millions of illegal immigrants already in the country. He says he opposes amnesty (U.S. Senate Facing Toughest Re-Election Bid, McCain Moves Right on Several Issues). McCain’s major opponent Hayworth and his allies criticize McCain mainly because of his controversial immigration policies. McCain believes that America needs the services of the immigrants for its development and it is necessary to give citizenship to the immigrants. In his opinion, America is facing stiff manpower shortage at present in the employment sector and that is why most of the organizations are outsourcing their jobs to cheap labor markets such as India and China. Obama is trying hard to avoid outsourcing of jobs from America in order to put an end to the uncontrolled capital outflow from America.  

Subprime Mortgage Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Subprime Mortgage Crisis - Essay Example This all lies in the fundamental of economics that teaches us that diversification is king and solution for reducing financial risk. It has now come back to haunt us. What can we learn from this That Harry Markowitz, father of financial risk management, and Thomas Friedman, father of globalization should maybe start writing about the correlation of such economics! Unfortunately, it is not that simple. But before we unleash an economic debate on this painful economic downturn we should intellectually dissect the individuals and the players responsible for the causes and facts that have resulted in the inevitable financial depression in the real estate industry. "It started with the real, it will end will real estate." "Sub-Prime lending typically has been characterized as lending at relatively costly interest rates and fees to credit impaired or otherwise high risk borrowers." (Lax, Manti, Raca, & Zorn, 2004). Subprime loans are among the newly popular mortgage products, such as interest-only loans, for people with strained budgets, including first-time buyers. Homeowners increasingly use them to refinance and consolidate household debts when their credit scores fall in the wake of bankruptcy, high medical bills, or other setbacks. (Blanton, 2005). It is generally believed that the subprime borrowers emerge due to lack of the good credit history on their back and since there number grew historically therefore banks and financial institutions by spotting the opportunity started lending to them at higher interest rates due to the perceived risks involved in these subprime loans. Not only these subprime borrowers pay higher interest rates but they also pay higher upfront fees also at the time of boo king their loans. Due to this profitable alterative, financial institutions take the risk and lend to those customers who would otherwise can not qualify for obtaining loans from the banking channels in the ordinary course of the business. In nutshell, we can say that subprime lending is lending to those who do not deserve it. US Housing Bubble Most of the subprime lending is made into the mortgages market of the Banks. Studies suggest that So-called subprime loans have helped boost US homeownership to a record 69 percent of households. They are being tapped by borrowers in all income ranges, who struggle with poor credit ratings stemming from modest incomes or excessive credit card or other debts. In Massachusetts, subprime loans, fueled by refinancing, have grown from 1.6 percent of mortgages in 2000 to 12.3 percent today. (Blanton, 2005). Apart from that, the surge in the mortgage market was a result of generous monetary policy stance adapted by FED in order to ease the recession caused by the dot com bubble. Due to this reason, the interest rates were lowered by FED. This reduction in interest rates also induced financial institutions to lower the interest rates on the mortgages also. With the lowering interest rates, the demand for the homes increased which ultimately raised the prices for the new homes. In order to capture this rise in the property market, many financial institutions started easing off their standards to bring in more and more customers. This loosening in the standards allowed those borrowers to obtain mortgage loans who were otherwise not eligible to obtain the loans. Once these loans were obtained and subsequently securitized by the issuing financial

The Big Lebowski Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Big Lebowski - Movie Review Example The Big Lebowksi is it is as it is meant to be told by its creators. It may be a mess to some but it’s a frank and honest yet entertaining movie that offers raw and awkward humor. Story. Mistaken to be the big Lebowski, Jeff Lebowski was assaulted by two men who were claiming that they were sent to collect money from Lebowski’s wife. They have beaten him and peed on his rug. Eventually they have learned that they picked the wrong Lebowski and left. Encouraged by his friend Walter to seek compensation with the peed rug, they pursue to find the big Lebowski. The Dude’s request was rejected and he was even insulted by the big Lebowski. Days later, the big Lebowski’s wife was kidnapped, and he made arrangement with the Dude to be the courier of the ransom money in exchange of his request. Series of misfortunate events upon their delivery of the ransom money to the kidnappers, the Dude learned many things about the truth behind the alleged kidnapping. There was no kidnapping happened, as Bunny just went to a vacation trip with a friend, and it was revealed that the big Lebowski had orchestrated the whole thing – this was his plan to get the supposed ransom money from his first wife’s account and used the Dude to be the fall guy to deliver the fake suitcase. Walter had physically assaulted the big Lebowski and near end they had a fight with a nihilist’s group. Donny died of heart attack in the process. After saying eulogy and scatter Donny’s ashes, the Dude and Walter headed back to their bowling routine session. Characters. The film has a perfect casting to portray the main idiosyncratic characters, perhaps because Cohen brothers had gathered fine actors such as Jeff Bridges and John Goodman. The actors had really synched in with the characters they were portraying. Perhaps the Cohen brothers had in mind the actors’ personalities while writing the film’s characters i.e. Tara Reid being the reckles s and mindless trophy wife and Julianne Moore as an intelligent yet pretentious feminist and an artist. The main protagonist of the film is Jeff Lebowski but preferred himself to be called The Dude. The Dude is portrayed by Jeff Bridges. The Dude is a type B personality who can be easily discern as perpetual bum, cares little about money and cares only for bowling with his equally type B friends. It was reported that the Cohen brothers had written The Dude slightly based on Bridges character for being laid-back and slacking perspective in life. However, it was also revealed that the main influence of the character of the Dude was based on the film distributor that Cohen brothers had met named Jeff Dowd. Much like the Dude in the movie, Dowd was also called â€Å"The Dude†, fond of drinking White Russians, and shares physical appearance of the Dude on-screen: shaggy long hair, way of dressing, etc. Another reference for the Dude’s character is the Cohen brothers’ friend, Peter Exline, a Vietnam War veteran who also has a thing for rugs. The Dude has a main best friend named Walter Sobchak and was played by John Goodman. Walter is also a Vietnam War veteran and is The Dude’s teammate. He values the rules of bowling second to the doctrines

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Report - Essay Example However the corporate analysis of the private sector argues that the private companies know their niche and can work in creative ways to enhance profitability and generate economic growth. According to them the government should concentrate on the matters at the national level and emancipate the private sector to function effectively in the market. The extent to which the government should be involved in the private sector can be validated through the following examples. Lets take the example of manufacturing vehicles say for example cars. The company General Motors that is the leading carmaker of the world was forced to declare bankruptcy in 2009. After filing for bankruptcy the company reemerged in the market with most of the control taken over by the government. The Obama government took charged but ignored many aspects with their straightforward approach. There was no discussion of the research and development expenditure on the changing future demands of for example electric cars, light rails or products for a more energy efficient future. The employees were also not given the desired emancipation and rights to work in the company and the entire environment turned into a regimented setup. Other examples can be the takeover by the government of Citigroup and other such organizations at times when these firms were in financial distress. ‘When the government took an ownership stake in Citigroup, AIG, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the midst of the financial crisis, it also took a severely limited view of its role—imposing few obligations in exchange for the bailouts.’ (Weissman) These examples all point towards the fact that the government involvement is too hierarchical and direct and this mars the creativity of the firms. However, one cannot underestimate the help offered by the government in order to stabilize the organizations in financial

Analyzing the Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analyzing the Market - Research Paper Example The paper concentrates more on factors that influence demand and supply, discusses the price elasticity of demand that produces a kinked demand curve in the oligopolistic airline’s service competition, and the point of equilibrium. It also describes the benefits of the intellectual property (patents and trademarks), and how it protects the owning airlines in their operations. It finally includes the input factors used in generating airline services. Keywords: Passengers, Airline, Flight, Demand Supply, Price Elasticity, Oligopoly, Product Differentiation, Trademark, Patent, Pricing Strategy, Competition, Market Introduction The success or failure of airline services depends most critically, with the established efforts to attract and retain customers to their services. Several airlines have failed before, some able to rise up again, others still struggle to cover losses while most of them end up merging with other well performing airlines. The entry into the airlines business is not only difficult in a field considered to be an oligopoly market, but maintaining and thriving while in competition with large airlines is quite a challenge. Providing airline services require a keen and clear strategy in management and operational activities, to facilitate the services required by the passengers in time. It is therefore a core factor that any airline should build good relationships with their customers as a marketing strategy, so that their future long term profitability can be safeguarded, by retaining more customers and influencing the choice of most undecided passengers in the market. The airline’s reputation, ticket prices, safety record, possible delay times, and services provided (ranging from different travel classes and the associated beneficial facilities, services by the cabin crew) among others, influence the customer preference or satisfaction with an airline, and generally its performance in the market. Airline’s Services Market Comp etition Competition in the airline industry is very high and sensitive, such that with the high fixed costs in their operation, the profit margins are usually low. However, the competition and profit margins may vary with the small changes brought about by the sizes of the airlines, the capacity of the aircrafts, the routes served by airlines, means of customer attraction (such as the in flight services) and discounted fares, which make it possible for some airlines and their services to have a competitive advantage over the others. According to Papatheodorus, the modern airline services competition arises from the differentiation or the best cost provider strategy, while considering the marketing initiatives and the economic advantage, to ensure they consistently provide the service in the market place (2006). Airlines both large and small, whether providing long haul and short haul services struggle to retain and add a market share. Large airlines may compete against others throug h its popularity, and if it has a good safety record, or high quality services, it makes it worse for its smaller rival companies. Most of the times, competing airlines have used generic strategies to achieve their fair share in the market. Differentiation has been a major factor among airlines, as

Project Managment Scheduling queastion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Managment Scheduling queastion - Essay Example The expected time for an activity represents the average time it would take if the activity is performed over and over again. It is known empirically that the probability density function of activity duration closely follows a Beta distribution, which defines the following relationship (Heldman & Baca, 267) Standard Deviation is used for calculating the variability associated with the high degree of uncertainty in estimated time durations. The standard deviation is represented by sigma symbol ‘ÏÆ'’ and is calculated as The time analysis elements such as the forward pass (Early Start time ES and Early Finish time EF) and the Backward Pass (Late Start time LS and Late Finish time LF) are used to find the Critical Path. These times are calculated using the Expected Time (te) for the respective activity relative to the zero date (date when the project clock starts ticking) of the project. The Backward Pass Late Start (LS) and Late Finish (LF) values are calculated considering that the earliest completion time of the project for the last activity and then working backwards towards the predecessors. For all the last activities, the LF will be equal to the respective EF value. Therefore, values of LF for the activities O, N, M, I and C are equal to the respective values of EF. The Critical Path can be determined by finding the Total Slack for each activity. Total Slack for any activity is the maximum time by which the start of an activity can be delayed without affecting the critical path. The path with the longest Expected time duration is the critical path. Activities on the critical path have slack as 0, since these activities cannot be delayed at all. Each path from the Start to the Finish node is defined along with the respective time duration. The Expected Completion Time (Et) for each path is equal to the expected duration of the constituent activities. For Example, A-E-H-K-I is calculated

Discuss the relationship between institutions and growth Essay Example for Free

Discuss the relationship between institutions and growth Essay North’s definition of institutions implies that the institutions could be formal (for example a legal code, a constitutions, or a regulatory body) and they could also have less formal constraints (for example social norms, or traditions, that help to determine outcomes). It will be difficult to mention institutions without mentioning government and the role it has to play in establishing the rules of the game. Government intervention in the economy is justified by the existence of market failures – the case where the unfettered operation of the market fails to produce the best possible outcome. Market failures include externalities like pollution and the inability of private firms to provide public goods, such as roads. Another form of market failure that can motivate government economic policy is the existence of monopolies, single firms that are the sole suppliers of a particular commodity. And industry such as electricity transmission is often viewed as a natural monopoly because it would be impractical for several companies to string electric wire to every house. In this case, there is a role of government regulation to prevent the monopolist from charging an inefficiently high price. The market failure can also occur in cases requiring the coordination of activities by many firms or many people. Some potential coordination failures and the need for the government to correct them are obvious. It useful for everyone to drive on the same side of the road, and even the most diehard free marketer would have little objection to letting the government announce which side it should be. However, a market failure is not the only reason that governments become involved in the economy. Another motivation for the government to get involved in economic matters is the income redistribution – the transfer of income from rich to poor, from working-age adults to the elderly, or from the general population to members of some favored groups – as one of their proper roles. On the other hand, only few economists argue that there should be no government intervention in the economy. It is rather a question of in which degree the government should intervene. The case against government intervention starts with the observation that, although proper government policy can theoretically fix any market failure, in practice it often fails to achieve its goals. When government tries to take the place of private firms, the resulting enterprises tend to operate inefficiently because they lack the incentives, specifically profit, that motivate private firms. In cases where industries are regulated as natural monopolies, often such regulation effectively preserves the absence of competition In the case of public goods, the debate centers on the question of whether some of the goods that governments supply could have been supplied privately if government had not taken over their provision. In different countries, privatized activities have included the building of roads and telephone networks and the operation of jails. A parallel trend has been the deregulation of industries – removing them from government supervision. The issue of income redistribution presents some of the most difficult questions regarding the proper role of government. In this case, the benefits of such a policy (a greater degree of equality) are of a different nature than the costs of the policy (a lower degree of efficiency). However, critics of big government point out that much of the income that governments redistribute does not flow from rich to poor. Rather, it is redistributed among people in the same income groups, who are at different stages of their life cycles, as when taxes are taken from working-age adults and transfers are paid to elderly. Critics argue that these redistributions have a large effect on the efficiency with which the economy operates but do little or nothing to improve equity. In general, the success of any government intervention depends crucially on the ability and the honesty of the officials entrusted to carry it out. When these qualities are lacking, the resulting government failure can be worse than any market failure that government policy was designed to correct. By looking at different cases of government intervention and the cases against government intervention, I will focus on explaining the tools that governments use to influence the economy. These tools include: the provision of the rule of law, regulation of how firms behave, planning (direction of resources to certain targeted industries), trade policies such as tariffs and quotas, and outright ownership of the means of production. One of the most important public goods that governments provide is the rule of law. In an environment where the rule of law is weak, the factors of production would not be accumulated and the economic activity would be plagued by inefficiency. For both these reasons, the output would decline. In the absence of a legal infrastructure, many of the investments made in a modern economy would not take place because investors would be unable to earn a reasonable return on their money. The rule of law cannot be taken for granted in most of the world. In many countries the judicial systems are weak, and legal cases are as likely to be settled on the basis of who has better political connections as on legitimate legal claims. According to Douglass North, who won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1993, â€Å"The inability of societies to develop effective, low-cost enforcement of contracts is the most important source of both historical stagnation and contemporary underdevelopment in the Third World†. One of the best examples that illustrates the importance of the rule of law is the former Soviet Union case. With the breakup of the communism, the legal structure surrounding basic economic activity became highly uncertain. The line between legitimate business and organized crime blurred, as assets formerly owned by the government in trust for the citizenry as a whole rapidly found their way into the hands of a well-connected few. In this legally unstable environment, income per capita in the Russian Federation fell by 12% in the decade following the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union. Another important way in which the government affects the state of the economy is by its sheer size. Government that spends a lot of money requires big government revenue and vice versa. Governments raise funds by taxing the citizens and businesses. A few countries, such as Saudi Arabia, make the exception where the natural resource is the primary source of revenue. According to the social scientist Adolph Wagner â€Å"the size of the government would inevitably increase as countries became wealthier, because a more developed economy requires more complex regulation and because many public goods provided by the government are of the type where desired spending rises more than proportionally with income†. Taxes are relevant for economic growth because they directly affect the efficiency with which output is produced. The larger the tax is imposed in a given market the smaller will be the number of transactions that will take place. This means that raising the tax rate will lower the tax base. When taxes are high, some of the potential transactions between buyers and sellers will not take place, and these transactions would have made both groups better off. No tax will be collected on these forgone transactions, but by discouraging transactions, the tax made the potential buyers and sellers worse off. The size of this inefficiency grows with the size of the tax. Because higher taxes shrink the tax base, increases in revenue collected when tax rates rise are not proportional to increases in tax rates. The fact that taxes cause inefficiency in the economy does not mean that there should be no taxes. Government provides public goods without which the economy could not function at all. These public goods are paid for taxation. Thus, even if the government were solely concerned with maximizing GDP per capita, the optimal choice of public goods and taxation involves a trade-off between the costs and benefits. However, not all of the money that governments collect as tax revenues goes toward supplying public goods. One of the major functions of government is to make transfers of income to people. The largest transfers are old-age pensions; other transfers include unemployment benefits and welfare payments to the poor. Government planning and the protection of infant industries with tariffs have failed, in almost most of the cases. The economic planning occurred in the decades after WWII, when governments in newly independent countries in the developing world experimented with various policies to improve their backward conditions. State enterprises, for example, were totally inefficient. The managers of these enterprises, facing neither competition from other firms nor pressure from shareholders to produce profits, had little incentive to strive for efficiency in production. Marketing boards, which were initially supposed to raise farmers’ income, ended up doing just the opposite as government officials could not resist the temptation of the revenues that passed through their hands. Trade restrictions were also counterproductive. In theory, infant industry protection should have been offered only to industries where a country had a chance of being a competitive producer. In practice, governments protected any industry which enough political power – and often all industries indiscriminately. Furthermore, most of the â€Å"infant† industries that were protected never managed to grow up. Facing no pressure from foreign competition, they remained inefficient. As one can notice, institutions determine incentives and constraints and shape outcomes. Different groups and individuals will benefit from different institutions. Therefore, the institutional choices will depend on who has the political power.

Someone Who Has Changed My Life Essay Example for Free

Someone Who Has Changed My Life Essay Romans chapter 4 is about how faith is the means for is proof that faith has always been the means for justification. Paul reflects back to the Old Testament patriarchs who were justified by faith, not works, to illustrate his point. Paul uses this illustration to prove that Gentiles were part of this promise given to Abraham. The whole world was blessed through him because he chose to believe God rather than his circumstances and because of this, his faith was credited to him as righteousness. Chapter 4 shows proof that faith is the true meaning of justification. It tell us in the beginning of the chapter that Abraham trusted God to set him right instead of trying to be right on his own. I believed that we all should do that because God is the only one that knows best for us. We all think we know when we have a situation in our hands but we actually don’t know anything if we don’t ask God to help us out in it. It also goes back to the Old Testaments to show us that patriarchs who were justified by faith, not by works alone. Paul uses this example to prove that Gentiles were part of this promise given to Abraham. The entire world was blessed through him because he chose to believe God rather than his circumstance and because of this, his faith was credited to him as righteousness. Chapter 5 had a lot of things to talk about. It lost me i had to read it a couple times to understand it. I believe that Paul was trying to tell us that after being justify we will be saved. It also shows that we rejoice in the glory of God. It also shows that tribulation produces patience. Sin, death, judgement, condemnation entered the world by one man but after it tells us that Jesus Christ brought grace, gift, justification, life and righteousness. I learned that sin reigned in death meanwhile grace reign in eternal life. I knew that from before but it reinforced it. Chapter 6 talks about different things. It teaches us that as born again believers, sin’s power over us is broken. I learned that we shall not continue in sin that grace may abound. i also learned that we are buried with Christ through baptism unto death. We shouldn’t allow sin to reign over us. The wage of sin is death and the gift of God is eternal life.Paul explains that we are freed from sin and made alive to God through Jesus Christ. Our sin was taken away when he got crucified for us. Chapter 7 shows the difference between living bound to the law and living fresh b the spirit of God. Tells us to serve God with newness of spirit. The law is not sin but the law is holy and spiritual. Paul mentions the law of God, law in my members, law of my mind, law of sin. Paul also mentioned that he served the law of God with his mind. My favorite chapter of all 4 that I read was the first one I really got something out of it. Sometimes i find myself doing alot of work but my faith is still lacking. That is something I am improving in but at the same time i know that i shouldnt stop doing work either. I really want to gain the gift of God. My second favorite chapter was chapter 7 there was a lot of little details there that i didnt know of. I knew the different laws but i didnt find myself actually think each of them. I had never actually read the book of Romans before and i find it very interesting. It actually makes keep me interested. Theres somepart in the Bible that bore you because thats not what we like to read. I am enjoying my time reading the book of Romans and understanding and leaning new things from another prospective.

Ikea Essay Example for Free

Ikea Essay Ltd. is a furniture operations company that offers â€Å"quick assembly† furniture with 15% lower price than its competitors. IKEA’s success brought imitators, such as Sears. In order to analyze IKEA’s competitive position in the Canadian Furniture Industry as well as Sears competitive threat, a model of competitive rivalry was used. IKEA and Sears both compete against each other in multiple markets across Canada, they both have market commonality and resource similarity. The Sears catalogue has almost the same format of an IKEA catalogue, and they both offer knock-down, self-assembled line products which allows the customers to create particular designs. In addition, the price for Elements’ products in Sears seemed almost identical to IKEA prices. They both go closely to the supplier in marketing, research, design and development, production standards and production planning. Some of the suppliers of the Elements line for Sears were from Sweden, which is the same as IKEA, but it didn’t show that they had any suppliers in common. It’s evidently that both of the market commonality and resource similarity are very high between those two companies. The market commonality and resource similarity can influence the drivers of competitive behaviour. The awareness of IKEA to recognize the degree of imitation by Sears is very high. High awareness enables IKEA to understand the consequences of Sears’ actions and responses. IKEA has a high motivation to respond Sears’s imitation. In order to protect IKEA’s position in the furniture market, IKEA has a philosophy to dealing with the copyright. IKEA would like to make a new model to replace the stole one rather than bring a lawsuit. Furthermore, IKEA has the ability to attack or respond to Sears’ actions. Since they both hold the similar resources, the ability to attack and respond is similar. IKEA should consider all important issues before taking action or respond to Sears. First-mover incentives, organizational size, and quality are the three factors that IKEA may take action to its competitors. As a first mover, IKEA’s business approach was fundamentally different from the traditional Canadian retailers. IKEA focus on â€Å"quick assembly† furniture and allow the customers assembled at home. Due to this reason, its price is 15% below the lowest prices for traditional furniture. The size of IKEA Canada is relatively small than Sears. The smaller size enables IKEA to launch competitive actions to defend their market position. The quality of IKEA’s product can be guaranteed. As one of the competitive strategy, IKEA had nearly 100 production engineers to assist suppliers in every way to low costs, introduce new technology, and design. The company has a philosophy to â€Å"create a better everyday life for the majority of people. † In order to defend its market position, IKEA may response Sears’ imitation in the following ways. IKEA may implement some strategic action, such as new innovation, to replace the stolen model from Sears. IKEA may lower its price, always by 10 to 15 percent on a particular item, than Sears. If IKEA can’t do it, IKEA may just drop the item and select some other one, to compete against Sears. Sears is one of Canada’s largest merchandising operations, and offering a wide range of medium price and quality goods. IKEA can predict that Sears with relatively lower market dependence are less likely to respond strongly to attacks threatening their market position.

General Appliances Essay Example for Free

General Appliances Essay Introduction:The General Appliance Corporation is a manufacturer of all types of home appliances. The company has a decentralized, divisional organizational structure, which consists of four product divisions (electric stove, laundry equipment, refrigeration and miscellaneous appliance division), four manufacturing divisions (chrome products, electric motor, gear and transmission and stamping division) and six staff offices (finance, engineering, manufacturing, industrial relations, purchasing and marketing staff). The staff offices do not have functional authority over the divisional general managers, who are each responsible for their own divisional personnel. The manufacturing division made approximately 75 percent of their sales to the product division. In addition, the parts made by the manufacturing division is designed and engineered by the product divisions. Since the eight divisions are expected to act like independent companies, the transfer prices are negotiated amongst themselves. But, if two divisions could not agree on a price, they submit the dispute to the finance staff for arbitration. The product division does not have the power to decide whether to buy from within the company or from outside. If there was a disagreement with the sourcing, the manufacturing division could appeal to the purchasing staff to reverse the decision. Problem:At the General Appliance Corporation, the purchasing staffs are the personnel that decide which part would continue to be manufactured within the company (org. chart may need to be revised). When the part is decided to be manufactured internally, the manufacturing division must hold the price at a level the product (purchaser) division could purchase it outside. Currently, the managers do not have the freedom to source and choose the alternative that is in their best interest, even though an alternative for sourcing does exist. The three problems that exist in the company are:-Determining a transfer price that includes the extra $0.80 per unit spent on developing the new quality standards. Also, the arbitration committee should determine whether the appearance is a subjective or objective matter. -An excess capacity (supply is greater than demand) caused a temporary  decrease in the selling price. -The standard price used for calculations of the total cost, profit and proposed price is determined from the price given in a competitors proposal this is not a definite price. Investment Centres dont know when to produce or when to outsource (what role does innovation or engineering for lower costs play?)For each case, calculate if its better to outsource or manufactureArbitration committee which considers all staff functionsDo something quick fast (cheap) and easy to doAnalysis:Stove Top Problem Survey has shown that the companys reputation as a producer of quality products has deteriorated, and resulted in the Chrome Products Division implementing quality improvements to the stove tops. Chrome has proposed to increase the price of the stove top by $0.90; $0.80 represents the additional costs of quality improvements and a $0.10 profit mark-up. The Electric Stove Division does not see the improvements as necessary changes since there is no change in engineering specifications, the changes made were never requested or approved, consumers may not even notice or want the change, and believes that the improvements made will only bring the quality level of the stove tops to the competitors level. Ultimately, Electric Stove sees these quality changes as being more subjective rather than objective. The engineering department of the manufacturing staff has verified that the new improvements were of superior quality then of their competitors and the costs were reasonably allocated. Thermostatic Control Problem Electric Motor Division has been able to consistently reduce the price of the thermostatic control units to mirror the price of Monson Controls Corp. from $3.00 in 1984 to $2.40 in 1987. Monson has decided to further reduce their price to $2.15, which according to the general manager of Electric Motor Division, would result in selling at a loss rather than a profit. The GM believes that they are just as efficient as Monson, therefore Monson must be selling at a loss at $2.15. Laundry Equipment and the Refrigeration Division both require a total of 120 000 units for their division (100 000 units for Laundry and 2 000 units for Refrigeration). Refrigeration has made an agreement with Electric Motor that  they will be able to competitively source to the lowest bidder, in this case, Monson for $2.15. Laundry Equipment believes that for such a large order, they could probably obtain a lower price than $2.40 if they were to outsource. In reviewing this dispute, the Finance Staff stated that there was excess capacity in the market that results in soft prices. The purchasing staff believed that Refrigeration could purchase their requirements at $2.15 for the next year but if the corporations orders were all place externally, the price would rise to $2.40 through increase in demand or limited supply. Considering the 120 000 units of thermostatic control that is required by both the Laundry Equipment and the Refrigeration Division, and the fact that their requirement is large enough to increase Monsons price of $2.15 to $2.40, General App. will have to outsource and purchase from within. Assuming that the more units General App. outsources, the price will gradually increase due to the increase in demand. The best combination of outsourcing and purchasing from within would be to outsource 60 000 units at an estimated price of $2.25 and purchase 60 000 units internally for $2.40. This would cost the organization $279 000, a savings between $1 000 and $9 000. The average price per unit is $2.325, less than the cost of the market price if the required volume was entirely outsourced. It is also less then purchasing the entire volume internally. This would result in Laundry Equipment saving $7 500 and costing $3 500 to Refrigeration as oppose to purchasing their required volume at $2.15. Transmission Problem Laundry Equipment has previously entered into an agreement with Thorndike Machining Corp to purchase one-half of its transmission for 10 years. Two years before the expiration of the agreement, General App. decided to manufacture their own transmissions to extend their capacity. Thorndike proposed a price reduction of $0.50 consistently for the next two years with a new economy transmission unit at a price of $10. The Gear and Transmission Division estimates that they can replicate a comparable model of the economy transmission at a competitive price of $9. The Gear and Transmission Divisions proposal failed to eliminate the cost of design features of $0.50 per unit. This would bring the proposed total  unit cost for GT from $11.66 to $11.11. This error makes Thorndikes proposed price of $11.21 appear more favourable. Bibliography: Anthony, Robert N., and Vijay Govindarajan. Management Control Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2000.

Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report

Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report The objectives in this section will reveal on what does the purposes of this research project served. Firstly, this project will briefly discuss about PESTE (Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technology, and Ecological) analysis on Malaysia. The discussion will go on into the literature part whereby it will firstly discuss various type of definitions of tourism. Then it will discuss about the tourism planning five approaches which will be Boosterism, Economic, Physical/Spatial, Community and Sustainable that has been utilized by Malaysia government. 1.2.1 Politic Malaya, which is now known as the peninsular Malaysia, became independent on August 31, 1957. In year 1963, Malaya merged with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to formed Malaysia. But after two years, Singapore has become an independent country on 9 August 1965. Now, Malaysia consists of 13 states whereby 11 of its are on Malay Peninsula and the other two, Sabah and Sarawak are on the island of Borneo. It has three federal territories which is Kuala Lumpur, Labuan island, and Putrajaya federal administrative territory. Each state has an assembly and government which are headed by a chief minister. Among 13 of these states, 9 of the states have hereditary rulers which are usually titled as sultans while the rest of the four states have appointed governors in counterpart positions. Although Malaysia is known for its strict rules but tourist who are visiting Malaysia not more than one month does not require visa from the Malaysian Immigration Department. It is also important that foreigners follow the conditions and laws of Malaysia. 1.2.2 Economy After 1957 where Malaysia became independent, the economy of the country was mainly based on rubber and tin. Since then, economy was growing and become a more industrialized market. In the 1997-1998 East Asian crises, Malaysia was one of the countries that involved in the Asian crisis but did not involve the International Monetary Fund (Sundaram, 2006). But it recovered from the recession very fast and since then, the economic was very stable with a GDP rate of RM679,687 million in year 2009 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The government has spend an amount of RM 40.1 billion in subsidizing petrol, natural gas, food and road tolls in year 2007. Malaysia also does have a lower percentage in unemployment rate which is 3.3% recorded in July 2010 and 3.1% in August 2010 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). 1.2.3 Socio-cultural According to the Official Website of Department of Statistics Malaysia which was updated on 02 July 2010, it is stated that Malaysia currently has 28.25 millions people. It is well known that Malaysia is a multicultural country which consists of a mixture different ethnic which are Chinese, Indian, Malay, and also indigenous and others. Malays makes up almost half of the Malaysia and then follows by Chinese and Indian. Most of the Malays are Islam while others may belong to Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism or other/none. Malaysia was recorded an annual rate of growth of 2.0%. The official language used in Malaysia was Bahasa Melayu, then followed by other language such as Chinese which comes with various dialects, English, Tamil and others. This makes Malaysia a perfect country for tourist to visit because there will be no language barriers for them as long as they can speak either one of them. 1.2.4 Technology Malaysia has a very good national and international telephone lines. It is because Peninsular Malaysia are using microwave radio relay and it provide a good connectivity between cities. It also have two international earth stations and also two Intelsat which are located at Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Thus, tourists who are travelling to Malaysia will have no connectivity problem. By now, Malaysia has a total of nine Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some of them are P1 WIMAX, Maxis Broadband, Streamyx, Jaring, Celcom Broadband and so on. On the other hand, Malaysia also have a good range of radio and television stations. It has 19 radio stations that are owned by private sector while 34 stations are owned by government. Furthermore, Malaysia has 58 airports. 36 of them are on East Malaysia while the rest, 22 are on Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, these technologies that available in this country will definitely make life easier for tourists. 1.2.5 Ecological Malaysia is full of biodiverse range of flora and fauna which can be found around the country. It is because the tropical rainforests comprises to almost 70% of Malaysia total land area. Malaysia has been recorded that it has the worlds fifth largest of mangrove forest whereby the world largest mangrove forest area is in Sundarban, Bangladesh. Ever since Malaysia has been filled with a lot of natural resources and environment, the government has also take part in preserving the environment to prevent further damage being caused to it. The government has put a lot of effort in preserving this environment by firstly introducing the Air Pollutant Index (API). The API is an indicator of air quality and was developed based on scientific assessment to indicate in an easily understood manner (Department of Environment, 2007). Besides, the Department of Environment (DOE) also conducted the National Ambient Noise Monitoring Programme to determine the Malaysian ambience status in year 2006 (Department of Environment, 2007). For the river water quality control, the DOE has started to monitoring the river since 1978 (Department of Environment, 2007). 2. Literature Review 2.1.1 Definitions of tourism There is no single definition of tourism to which everyone adheres. Many definitions have been used over the years, some of which are universal and can be applied to any situation, while others fulfill a specific purpose (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). But a more recent definition from WTO (1991 cited in Mason, 2003, p. 5) defined tourism as the activities of a person traveling outside his or her usual environment for less than a specified period of time whose main purpose of travel is other than for exercise of an activity remunerated from the place visited. However, none of these two definitions makes any connection to the impacts of tourism whereby impacts are the key to any discussion of the planning and management of tourism (Mason 2003, p. 5). But Jafari (1981, p. 3 cited in Mason, 2003, p.5) stated that tourism is a study of man (sic) away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and the impacts that both he and the industry have for the socio-cultural, economic and physical environments. 2.2 Tourism Planning Approaches 2.2.1 Boosterism Boosterism has long existed ever since tourism started. Boosterism can also be defined as the act of boosting a travel destination or a city which are done usually by the people in the area affected. Hall (2000) comment that boosterism has long been the dominant tradition towards tourism since mass tourism began. Hence, sorts of effective method are being exploited in order to boost a place. A place which is full of resources such as cultural and natural can be taken as an example. Malaysia is a good set of example for cultural and nature tourism with its existing rich resources. Although boosterism has been active for a long period but it was only discovered by people when big event such as Commonwealth games and Formula 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ racing event are being held in different countries (Hall, 2000). The changes in tourist arrival and room supply by hotel can be noticed easily when these huge event are being held. It can be seen that Malaysia has been trying hard to promote the country by using different type of promotion to attract different type of tourist. For example, there is one event called Malaysia Year End Sale (YES) that is ongoing from 20 November 2010 to 2 January 2011 (Tourism Malaysia, 2010). The event purpose is to attract shopping tourist to Malaysia because at that time, all shop around Malaysia will be having alot of discount which can never be seen during other period. Another side of boosterism by Malaysia is advertising. The Minister of Tourism Malaysia has launched an advertising campaign called ZOOM! Malaysia for SMRT trains, busses, and taxis in Singapore (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). This advertising campaign specifically targets the public transport because it was popular among the locals and foreign tourists (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). From another side we can also see that Malaysia has successfully in promoting Malaysia in September 2006 whereby Tourism Malaysia has signed a  £2 million deal with Manchester United to promote Visit Malaysia Year 2007. This has also directly make Tourism Malaysia as one of the official sponsors of Manchester United Football Club (MANUTD, 2010). 2.2.2 Economic When tourism emerged as a part of economic sector in the decades following World War II, most researchers and government administrators assumed its growth to be a positive and desirable process (Lawton, 2010). Ever since then, many countries have used this as an opportunity to promote their country to other world as a tourist attraction. Countries with natural resources such as cultural and heritage area, historical place that are left behind after the impact of war will be a great benefit to the particular country in promoting tourism. Actually what can tourism contributes to a countrys economic status? The contribution can usually be measured at either a national level or at the local or regional scale. The impacts of tourism to economy are as follow: foreign exchange earnings; government revenues; generation of employment; regional development. One of the main characteristics of the economic approach is the use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitor who will provide the greatest economic benefit to the destination given the destinations specific tourist resources (Hall, 2000). For example, the Malaysia Year End Sale promotion that will be launching soon. Although the promotion will be all around Malaysia but it will be more focus on Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia because tourist will normally more focus in capital city. With the plenty of resources available in capital city such as high-end shopping malls, the promotion can be executed flawlessly with its aim achieved. 2.2.3 Physical/Spatial In the last decade of the twentieth century, it was noted that tourism depends ultimately upon the environment, as it is a major tourism attraction itself, or is the context in which tourism activity takes place (Holden, 2000). However, Lawton and Weaver (2010) argued that problems can occur if a destination becomes too dependent on tourism, or if the sector is controlled (or is perceived to be controlled) by outside interests. It is indeed a fact that tourism can cause both invisible and visible impacts to the environment. Therefore in order to minimise the impact that tourism can caused to the environment, Hall (2000) suggests that visitor managers should seek to manipulate travel patterns by concentrating or dispersing tourists in sensitive areas. For example, many national park limits a certain number of visitors per day to ensure minimal impact that can be caused to the area. Malaysia is indeed a most fortunate country that are blessed with a wide range of natural and cultural assets. Since it is blessed with so many assets, people who lived in the country each has their own responsibilities to take care of the environment. Therefore, the Malaysia government has come up with a campaign called 1MALAYSIA GREEN TOURISM, 1MALAYSIA CLEAN. The reason for launching this event was to built up the passion of people in keeping clean the environment, especially tourist attraction destinations. This campaign was also based on the tagline Think Tourism. Act Tourism by Minister of Tourism, YB Dato Sri Dr, Ng Yen Yen (1Malaysia Green Clean). 2.2.4 Community 2.2.5 Sustainable 2.3 The Butlers theory Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation Stagnation (Rejuvenation) (Continued stagnation) (Decline) Critical carrying capacity threshold Source: Adapted from Butler 1980. 2.3.1 Exploration An explanation from oxford dictionary described exploration as the action of searching an area for natural resources. This can also be explained as a tourist tried to explore a destination (tourist destination) for leisure or relaxation. According to Butler, the exploration stage is characterised by very small numbers of visitors who are dispersed throughout the destnation and remain for an extended period of time ( Lawton and Weaver, 2010). In brief, exploration can also be described as the pre-tourism or the starting of a tourist attraction destination where not many people are there yet and most of the people does not know about it. Visitors that went to the place will experienced the most rural kind of services whereby improvement have not been done yet. Most of the exploration usually started from urban area. Malaysia first exploration started in the 13th century when Malacca was founded by a Sumatran prince. The place later became the most influential port city in the Southeast Asia during that time. That is the place where traders from all part of the world gathered and that was the time Malaysia was exposed to other countries visitors. But after Malaysia being exposed, a lot of countries tried to conquer Malaysia due to its rich resources. After 138 years, Malaysia finally gained its independence in 1957and since then Malaysia has undergone a tremendous growth and prosperity since 1957. 2.3.2 Involvement The involvement in here means that the involvement parties which may include visitors, government, or entrepreneurs. Local entrepreneurs will begin to provide a limited amount of specialised services and facilities in response to the appearance of tourists, thereby inaugurating an incipient tourism industry (Lawton and Weaver, 2010). Specialised services such as small eating places, inn, and maybe small transportation services might also be available. With these services, visitors might also be increasing but in a slow phase because things are still undeveloped. The role of advertising will also started in this phase as it will induces a definable pattern of seasonal variation. The place will started to get mentioned in articles and brochures but the affected part are still considered a small area. Word-of-mouth start to spread in a slow manner. 2.3.3 Development 2.3.4 Consolidation 2.3.5 Stagnation 2.3.6 Rejuvenation or Decline Rejuvenation Decline 3. Methodology The method that was used in completing this assignment includes web browsing. Several web search engine are being used frequently are Google, Yahoo and Wikipedia. These web search engine are only being used as a bridge to the information that we needed. Besides, government website are also being used frequently to acquire important facts and figures about the country. Website such as Malaysia Tourism Board, Department of Statistics Malaysia, and Malaysia Government Portal are where some of the facts and figures being collected. Other than websites, the information was also collected from books that are available daily in our institute. Several books have been lent in order to complete this assignment. Books such as Tourism Management, Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships, and Tourism Impacts: Planning and Management are noticeable throughout the assignment as citations are mostly quoted from these books. E-journal has also contributed quite some figure in this assignment whereby most of them are acquire through the institute research databases which are the MDIS EBSCOhost research databases. 4. Analysis and Discussions