Jackie Robinson Essay -- essays research papers

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born January 31, 1919. He was born in Cairo, Georgia and was the youngest of cardinal children. He had a grandfather that was a slave, Jackies dad was a sharecropper and Mallie, Jackies mother, was a maid. His dad ran away from the family when Jackie was only an infant.Jackie fought racial discrimination in his calcium childishness, at collage and throughout his whole life. During his childhood at California he was always picked on at school. Kids taunted him so much and so badly that he developed a resilient temper.When Jackie was growing up, whenever he would sense or be involved in legal injustice he would get really mad and at that place would be nothing he could of done about it.At the University of California in Los Angeles, Jackie met his future wife, Rachel Islam. Jackie starred in four sports. Some take away said that Jackie was the greatest American athlete, arguing that he was better at track & field, football and basketball than baseb all. Later after college he joined the black Leagues to play maestro baseball. If Blacks wanted to play professional baseball in 1946, they had to do so in the segregated Negro Leagues. Negro leagues started in 1920. They created these leagues because whites didnt want blacks to play with them. They wanted the MLB to be clean white. Jackie Robinson was drafted into the army in 1942. He had a series of many another(prenominal) conflicts as he rose to the rank of lieutenant. The worst one was when Jackie was school term in the front seats of a milit...

Polyhydroxybutyrate Essays -- Chemistry

Plastic industry has become of vital splendour for the comfort and quality of our lives, due to numerous qualities as strength, lightness, low salute and durability. Their downside is the negative impact over the environment, due to the accumulating of millions of tons per year. Therefore, the development of biodegradable plastics seems a key issue for further development. PHAs are hydroxyalkanoate polyesters that are employ as energy storage for bacterium. Polyhydroxybutyrate(PHB) is a biodegradable polymer, with similar properties to polypropylene, which gives it bully potential as alternative source of plastics. PHB is linear polyester of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid, with high molecular(a) weight, accumulated as a storage carbon in diametric microorganisms. The PHB-producing bacteria require an environment rich in sucrose, glucose or ethanol, all expensive raw materials. Efforts have been made in the past eld to overcome those disadvantages, by producing PHB from plants. (Gehr ke, 2009)The first attempts to establish fermentative production of PHA happened 40 geezerhood ago, using stains of Ralstonia eutropha and Alcaligenes latus.Biopol, a polymer developed by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) was produced using a mutant stain Ralstonia eutropha using glucose as a carbon source. That was the send-off of the commercially available PHVBs, in the 1980s. After the change of proprietorship to Monsanto, the bioplastics division was sold and the patent was bought by a Cambridge, (MA, U.S.A.) company called Metabolix (source imperativeness release 16 May 2001, Metabolix.com).The research continued, adding new naturally PHA- producing bacteria to the list, whilst other microorganisms were modified to do so. The carbon source usually employ was gluc... ...ndia University of Pune.9.Mousavioun, P. (2011). Properties of Ligning and Polyhydroxybutyrate Blends. Queensland, Australia Queensland University of Technology.10.Nisha V. Ramadas, S. K. (2009). Polyhydro xybutyrate Production using Agro-industrial Residue as Substrate by bacillus sphaericus NCIM 5149. Kerala National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology.11.Peter H. Yu, H. C.-L.-H.-P. (1999). Conversion of industrial wastes by Alcaligenes Latus into Polyhydroxyalkanoates,.12.Product information . (fr an). Preluat de pe mirel plastics http//www.mirelplastics.com/discover/default.aspx?ID=178313.Udpuay, S. C. (2008). Production and word-painting of Polyhydroxybutyrate from Molasses and Corn Steep Liquor produced by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 6748 . Phitsanulok ,Thailand Dept. of Biology, Fac. of Science, Naresuan University, .

Everybodys All American :: essays research papers

     Everybodys All-American is the story of a famous football coquetteer who becomes an overweight middle-aged has-been. Gavin "the greyish suggestion" Gray is a legendary college football player who marries his homecoming business leader sweetheart and embarks on a professional career full of difficulties. The Gray Ghost is a Louisiana football legend. There had never been a better, faster ball player, and everyone knows the hero is headed for pro football. To no ones surprise, Gavin marries his sweetheart, beauty pouffe Babs. He is a first-draft pick in the pros, as expected, and soon after that, the two begin their family. I was especially interested in this photo because I am, myself, a college athlete. This movie brought out the importance of having a manners and goals other than playing a professional sport. Too many untested athletes these days have unrealistic goals of going to the pros, while in actuality the chances of them doing so are next to impossible. Many athletes are in college just to play their sport, and do not care to the highest degree their academic carrying out. Eventually, the limelight get out fade and professional athletes will become has-beens left to reminisce about their glory days. Often in college, athletes will do just enough to get by and not care about what their academic performance means. Unfortunately, especially in some larger schools, preferential treatment for athletes does subsist among the faculty. This also gives athletes the advantage at the time, but hurts them in the long run. In the movie, the ideal marriage of Gavin and Babs begins to come apart, when Gavin cannot deal with the loss of the glory he had in his youth.

Career in Accounting

C arer in Accounting Tammy Doll Everest University Online kinsfolk 2012 Career in Accounting I take up always cherished a line of achievement in Accounting. I was always good in mathematics and keeping things organized. Although it is not what my parents wanted for me. They wanted me to become a nurse. on that point are quite a few steps that I must take to become an accountant. Through minimal pedagogy requirements and go along education I ordain better myself and grow within my career. As an Accountant I would have a multitude of responsibilities depending on what work that I decided to go in.There are several fields I could go into, Auditing in which I would go into a business or to an individual and do a complete audit on their monetary history. There is a Budget Analysis career option in which I would be responsible for the financial plans of a business. Another career field would be Management Accounting which is basically running a business, deciding when and where to spend the money. The career that I would like to have in the accounting field would be to become a Certified universal Accountant.A certified public accountant is responsible for preparing and auditing annual financial statements. I would as well be responsible for completing tax returns for businesses and personal income taxes. (Accounting coach, 2004-2012) There are several things that I have to accomplish before I get my certified public accountant. First I must get my Associates spot in accounting, which will allow me to get some experience. Then I will go for my knight bachelors degree. Just a bachelors degree in accounting is not enough to qualify for my certified public accountant license. Accounting coach, 2004-2012) I would need to have 150 college credits and also pass an ethics exam in order to sit for the CPA exam. Different states have different requirements to maintain my CPA license, but broadly I would have to take so many higher education credits per course to recertify. To get where I want to be there is a lot of steps that I must climb, I am up to the challenge. There is a wide range of opportunities for me, depending on the degree I obtain in Accounting.Just having an associates degree in accounting certifies me to be a bookkeeper or an accounting clerk. The salary I could expect to make is $18,000 to $40,000 per year. Going on with my dream and pursuing my bachelors degree and ultimately my CPA I could earn $40,000 to $80,000 per year depending on experience. (Accounting coach, 2004-2012) Accountants must be well organized and be familiar of financial documents. They must also be trustworthy, honest, have strong chat skills and be very attentive to detail. (Ford) Smith, 2012). It is also very helpful that I am knowledgeable of using Excel and similar computer programs, because spreadsheets are the core of accounting organization. After completing this paper and doing extra research, I still want a career in Accounting. I have a l ot of hard work ahead of me. Organization and math was always one of my stronger qualities. I am ready to better myself by dint of further education and be the best that I can be in my career. ReferencesAccounting Coach. (2004-2012). CPA requirements, accounting jobs and opportunities. In Accounting Coach (Ed. ), Retrieved from http//www. Accountingcoach. com/careers/CPA-requirement. hypertext mark-up language Careers in business. In (1997). Careers in Accounting. Retrieved from http//www. Career-in- Accounting. com (Ford) Smith. (2012). Traits, skills, and personal characteristics for an accountant. In Retrieved from http//www. chron. com/traits-skills-personal-characteristics-accountants-9716. html

Freud – Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy – Little Hans

Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy teeny-weeny Hans Chronological compend of Events 1903 Hans born. (April) 1906 3 to 3 ? initiatory reports. 3 ? to 3 ? First visit to Gmunden. (Summer) 3 ? Castration terror. 3 ? Hanna born. (October) 1907 3 ? First dream. 4 Removal to new flat. 4 ? to 4 ? Second visit to Gmunden. Episode of sulfurous horse. (Summer) 1908 4 ? Episode of glitter horse. Outbreak of phobic disorder. (January) 5 End of analysis. (May) Background Little Hans (Herbert Graf) was born in April 1903 to Olga Graf ( incur) and Max Graf ( set close to).He under overlyk four months of interference, which was conducted by Hans overprotect himself, and supervised by Freud, who to a faultk slightly of a backseat. Freud wanted to explore what factors led to the phobia and what factors led to its remission. He believed baberen face un sure wound up conflicts just as adults do, and their future registration depends on how well the conflicts are solved. It wa s the firstborn ever psychoanalytic intercession on a infant. Freud believed that the sexual impulses in a tyke would be fresh and naive, unlike when conducting the analysis on an adult, where the impulses construct to be dig out.Freud hypothesised that the analysis would correspond with his preliminary work in the iii Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Overview First observations were larnn at triplet course of papers, where Hans spirit of enquiry towards widdlers became apparent with his initial observation that the front end or absence of a widdler differentiated between inanimate and animate quarrys p. 9. He likewise assumed that entirely animate objects were like himself and possessed this strategic bodily reed organ gum olibanum allowing him to hail at a live abstract k directledge A dog and horse wee widdlers a table and chair havent. He was not deterred from this notion condescension noting the lack of a widdler on his sis Hanna p. 11. Hans had begu n to practise the comm hotshotst and approximately linguistic rule form of auto- titillating sexual activity Giving himself diversion by touching his member. The castration heterogeneous was first planted in to Hans head at three and a half years when his niggle told him the doctor would sire and chop his widdler off if he didnt stop playing with it. p. 7-8. At the present period he was unfased, and suggested he could wee out of his bottom.His nonpluss threat made Hans believe it was possible to lose your genital organs, which he would later on(prenominal) subconsciously believe would happen for repressing oedipal likings. This concern for the sledding of his widdler was ab initio dismissed from his thoughts solely made its effects apparent at a later period. Taking pleasure in his knowledge sexual organ soon false in to scopophelia, in active and passive forms with his main(prenominal) fantasies and dreams being adopted around widdlers, widdling and gazeing tha t the girls in Gmunden would help him widdle p. 19. At get a gigantic with 3 ? e asked his induce Daddy, have you got a widdlers too? When he asked his mformer(a) if she had a widdler, she replied with why of course. He in any case repeatedly expressed the desire to chance upon his mother and beats widdlers in order to disengage comparison. Hans had restraind that larger animals had correspondingly larger widdlers and formulated the hypothesis that this was the graphic symbol with his parents. For example his mother he thought must have a widdlers like a horse. This reflection could be cons genuine that a childs wish to be bigger had been concentrate on his genitals.The sexual aim in which he pursued his girl playmates had prepare its elan into object love in the usual personal manner from the care he had received as an infant. Its suggested that this sudden erotic urge originated from the pleasure derived from the cutaneous (skin) contact of sleeping next to his moth er (Hans would crawl into bed most mornings). This caused sexual arousal or mirth of the instinct(predicate) of concentration Moll (1898). Cf &SE, 7, 169 n. 2. . This facilitated his increased affaire in other girls (wanting to sleep with Mariedl Etc. and ultimately wanting to see their widdlers. Little Hans showed affection towards both genders of children indiscriminately and once described Fritzl as the girl he was fondest of p. 16. This contributed to Freuds idea of object-choice and homosexuality in children suggesting that most children have homosexual tendencies as they are precisely acquainted with one kind of genital organ. Freud intimates that because tiny Hans had a widdler, and gave so much enormousness to it, he chose to have this familiar feature as his sexual object.It is as well serious to note that in his future organic evolution he present an energetic masculinity with traits of polygamy he knew how to vary his behaviour, too, with his varying feminine objectsaudaciously aggressive in one case, languishing and bashful in another. His affection had locomote from his mother on to other objects of love, but at a beat when there was a scarcity of these it returned to her. Hans demonstrates elements of the sexual relations of a child to his parents discussed in Interpretation of Dreams 1900a, in Section D (? ) of Chapter V amount Ed. , 4, 248 ff. and in Three Essays 1905d, Standard Ed. 7, 222 ff. with regard to being a little Oedipus who who wanted to have his compensation back out of the way, to get dislodge of him, so that he might be alone with his beautiful mother and sleep with her. This wish had originated during his summer holidays at Gmunden and had developed with the alternating presence and absence of his arrest (due to work commitments). Hans identified that his fathers absenteeism gave him the probability of increased amour with his mother which he longed for. This desire for his father to go past and so late r developed into a desire for him to permanently go outdoor(a) to die.This caused great conflict inwardly Hans as it contradicted the deep love he also matt-up towards his father. For example hitting his father accordingly directly kissing the place he had hit p. 42. Freud goes on to description that the emotional life of man is made up of pairs of contraries such(prenominal) as these. And that they commonly go on supressing apiece other until one of them succeeds in guardianship the other al together out of site. Children offer the exception to this in that they plunder exist peaceably side-by-side for roughly time. Baby Hanna and the Stalk The most important influence upon the course of Hans psychosexual evelopment. Hans wathed how Hanna was cared for and this stimulated trace memories of his own wee experiences of pleasure. His fever a few days after Hannas nascence was an indication of how little he liked the addition to the family p. 11. Although affection came later his first thoughts were hostility and affright that yet much brothers and sisters might arrive further eroding the time and affection mother would devote to him. Freud bring ups that it is promiscuous indoors Hans unconscious he treated his sister and father in the same way wanting them permanently out of the way.Interestingly Hans did not comrade the same guilt towards his sisters death wish as that of his father. He subconsciously wanted mummy to drop Hanna in the bath so she would be gone, which consequently caused Hans great fretting when having a bath himself, fearing it would happen to him as a punishment for thinking such affairs. Again, this wish would mean he could have his mummy all to himself. This hostility is represented by a fear of the bath p. 66. The use of a Stork to explain the origin of Hanna was in conflict with the childish sexual theories he had begun to apply to the material in front of him.There is a clear progression from his initial acceptanc e of his fathers history he declared with conviction The storks coming to-day. to a ripening sentiency that Everything he says shows that he connects what is strange in the situation with the arrival of the stork. He meets everything he sees with a very suspicious and intent look, and there raise be no question that his first doubts about the stork have taken root. p. 10 Causes of fretting and the beginning of the phobia Little Hans suffered an apprehension-dream shortly before the light of the phobia, in which mummy had gone and he had no mummy to draw with.This, combined with his separation from his mother at the time of Hannas fend for p. 96 led to a sudden surge of wanting mummy. Initially he would show signs of distress when away from her but it soon became evident that he was withal afraid even when his mother went with him. Freud suggested Little Hans had now concentrated his libido on her. His want to be with her constantly now changed into anxiety producing the phobia. He was initially scared of a big white horse biting him in the street, and his father worried this was connected to the fear of big widdlers, which he had once taken great pleasure in examining.His fear was so strong that he struggled to leave the house, even more than so without his mother. Whereas Little Hans once loved the fact that big animals had big widdlers, he now subdue it and was scared. This was thought to be due to him being so dissatisfy with his own. Anxiety was caused by mixing his former pleasure of big widdlers with his current un-pleasure of them. Little Hans admitted to placing his hands on his widdler every night which resulted in around kind of sexual pleasure or satisfaction ( almostthing which Freud later heroic as a normal form of auto-erotic sexual activity).Yet at this archean stage of the illness when his anxiety was heightened he expressed a fear that the horse get out come into the room p. 24. His father worried that this coitus interrupt us was not helping the phobia. Freud suggested that it was his affection for his mother that he was trying to transpose with his fear of horses p. 28. His libido was attached to seeing his mothers widdler and masturbation was adult him gratification. Attempts were made to stop this act, and daddy told Hans that mummy did in fact not have a widdlers p. 31, which calmed the phobia for a short while.Freud believed that accepting women do not have widdlers risked destroying Hans self-confidence and heightened the castration complex, so he resisted the information. subsequently a short time an episode of illness caused the phobia to return. Freud finding similarity between the mental structure of these phobias and that of hysteria termed this Anxiety-hysteria concluding that such hysterias are the most common of all psychoneurotic disorders and goes on to state they are par excellence in the neuroses of childhood. Little Hans outbreak of anxiety-hysteria was by no means as sudden as it first appeared.The anxiety dream he had where his mother had gone away and he was go forth with no-one to coax with p. 26 was proceeded by twain examples of attempts to seduce her p. 19 23. Hans dreamt of exchanging endearments and sleeping with her but all of the pleasure was transferred into anxiety causation a punishment and repression. The throttle for suddenly turning this sexual excitement into anxiety is speculated upon by Freud suggesting that mothers rejection of his advances could be one possibility. His fear of horses was traced back to an impression he had received at Gmunden p. 9 when his father warned him Dont put your riff to the horse if you do, itll bite you. The words, dont put your finger to, which Hans used in reporting this process of monition, resembled the form of words in which the warning against masturbation had been framed. Hans attempted to communicate his feeling towards his mother, in what was windlessness a distorted form, with the phant asy of the two giraffes. Little Hans story of the big giraffe and the crumpled giraffe was interpreted by his father and Freud. His father was thus the big giraffe and mummy was the crumpled giraffe.Subconsciously, little Hans wanted to take self-discipline of mummy, by taking her away from daddy. Hans loved getting in to bed with mummy in the morning, it gave him pleasure, but the big giraffe duty out was his father dislike of him getting in. Immediately after the giraffe hallucination Hans disclosed two others forcing his way into a nix home at Schonbrunn, and the other of his smashing a railway-carriage window on the Stadtbahn p. 40-41. In each case the punishable nature of the action was emphasized, and in each his father appeared as an accomplice. This again links to the oedipal slipistic of taking possession of his mother.This combined with his burgeoning childish sexual theories that taking possession would involve some form of consummation which gave rise to the elusi ve thought of something violent and forbidden which the dreams allude to. Freud states that the dreams were indeed symbolic phantasies of intercourse and that his father plays accomplice within the dreams as Hans has very astutely deduced that I should like, he seems to have been saying to his father, to be doing something with my mother, something forbidden I do not last what it is, but I do know that you are doing it too. The giraffe fantasy resulted in Freud and father deciding it was the right time to inform Hans he was afraid of his father because he himself nourished jealous and hostile wishes against him and thus partly interpreted his fear of horses for him the horse must be his father whom he had costly internal reasons for fearing. p. 42 Subconsciously he was extremely trepid that his father would find out, as he feared if he did he would bowdlerize him. When an internal situation such as this one cannot be processed, it blends pathological, and a compromise-format ion needs to happen, which becomes apparent at the very end of the analysis.Enlightening Hans on this keep polish up had cleared away his most powerful resistance against allowing his unconscious thoughts to be made conscious for his father was himself acting as his physician. As a result Hans became more aware/willing/confident to describe the details of his phobia He was not only afraid of horses biting himhe was soon silent upon that pointbut also of carts, of furniture-vans, and of sightes (their common eccentric being, as presently became clear, that they were all heavily loaded), of horses that started moving, of horses that looked big and heavy, and of horses that drove quickly.The content of these specifications was explained by Hans himself he was afraid of horses falling down, and consequently incorporated in his phobia everything that seemed likely to facilitate their falling down. p. 46-7. Hans described going for a walk with his mother and witnessing a bus-horse fall down and kick bump into with his feet p. 49. He was terrified thinking the horse was dead and that all horses will fall down. He then associated this with the wish for his father to go away and wanted him to fall down in the same way and be dead. When confronted with this notion Hans did not dispute it and later went on to play a game of biting his father symbolically accepting the theory that he had identified his father with the horse he was afraid of. p. 52. Upon questioning Hans father uncovered an impression which lay concealed behind that of the falling bus horse of an essence that occurred during their summer at Gmunden. While they were playing horses Fritzl had hit his foot against a stone and fallen down. p. 58.Seeing the bus horse fall while walking with his mother had reminded him of this although Hans initially denied this p. 82. Freud commented that It is especially interesting, tho, to observe the way in which the transformation of Hanss libido into anxiety was projected on to the principal object of his phobia, on to horses. Hans regarded Fritzl as a substitute for his father, particularly as Fritzl competed with Hans for the attention and affection of the girl playmates at Gmunden in a similar way to the manner in which Hans competed with his father for his beloved mothers affection.Freud also states that When repression had set in and brought a revulsion of feeling along with it, horses, which had till then been associated with so much pleasure, were necessarily turned into objects of fear. The Lumf Complex Hans became unexpectedly preoccupied with lumf masking disgust at anything that reminded him of evacuating his bowels p. 55. Hans had been in the habit of insisting upon accompanying his mother to the W. C. p. 63. His friend Berta filled his mothers place, until the fact became known and he was forbidden to do so p. 1. His father speculated that there was a link between the symbolisation of a loaded horse cart short through som e gates (which Hans had observed in the Customs House opposite their home) and the fugacious of faeces out of the body p 66-68. Hans further clarified the symbolism of lumf with an special phantasy of the plumber Daddy, I thought something I was in the bath, and then the plumber came and unscrewed it. Then he took a big borer and stuck it into my stomach. p. 65. Freud interpreted this as With your big fellow member you bored me (i. . gave birth to me) and put me in my mothers womb. His fantasy regarding the plumber unscrewing the bath and then struck him in the stomach with a big borer was further interpreted later on in the analysis. He was remoulding a fantasy of procreation, distorted by anxiety. The big bath was his mothers womb and the borer was his fathers penis expectant a connection to being born. We must also knock over Hans earlier confession that he wished that his mother might drop the child while she was being addicted her bath, so that she should die p. 72.His own anxiety attached to bathing was a fear of retribution for this shabbiness wish and of being punished by the same thing happening to him. Hans locomote on to draw the natural conclusion that little Hanna was a lumf herself and that all babies were lumfs and were born like lumfs. We can thus deduce that all furniture-vans, drays and buses were only stork-box carts, and were because symbolic representations of pregnancy and that when a horse fell down it can not only be seen as his dying father but also his mother in childbirth a foreign desire and fear.As discussed during the stork analysis Hans had noticed his mothers pregnancy and had pieced the facts of the case together without telling anyone. Which was demonstrated by his sceptical attitude towards the stork explanation pass awayn by his father and his description of Hanna joining them at Gmunden a year before her actual birth. Hans justified this phantasy, and in fact deliberately embellished it as an act of revenge up on his father. against whom he harboured a grudge for having misled him with the stork fable. Freud eloquently summarises Hans subconscious feeling on the matter If you really thought I was as stupid s all that, and expected me to believe that the stork brought Hanna, then in return I expect you to, accept my inventions as the truth. Hans continued to examine revenge within the phantasy of teasing and beating horses p. 79. This phantasy, again, had two constituents. first of all to reinforce his pleasure at the teasing he had submitted his father with the remembrance of Hanna at Gmunden and secondly, it reproduced the obscure sadistic desires directed towards his mother. Hans even confessed consciously to a desire to beat his mother p. 81.Hans discloses further phantasies which seem to confirm his growing confidence to communicate his conscious wish to get rid of his father and that the reason he wished it was that his father interfered with his own intimacy with his mother. As Freud states this understandably shows Hans progressive development from timid hinting to fully conscious, undistorted perspicuity. Overcoming his fears Concluding phantasies Freud describes the first of these as a triumphant, wishful phantasy, and with it he overcame his fear of castration in which the plumber gives Hans a new and, as his father guessed, a bigger widdler p. 98.His second phantasy confessed to the wish to be married to his mother and to have many children by her p. 96-97. Significantly this phantasy also provided an acceptable to Hans event to the unacceptable conflict within him caused by his desire to kill his father. rather he promoted him to marry Hans grandmother. Thus resolving the alternating emotions of love and nauseate towards his father and the evil thoughts hed harboured towards him. Hans had made up for the loss (reduced care and attention received from his mother) he experienced as a result of the birth of his sister by imagining he had children o f his own. And so long as they were at Gmunden he could really play with his children and therefore set up an acceptable to him outlet for his affections. The families subsequent return to Vienna refocused Hans attention on his mother resulting in him gaining satisfaction by a masturbatory stimulation of his genitals. His desire to have children was twofold He necessitateed Hanna to be born like expiration a lumf and therefore identified with his own feelings of pleasure in passing stool. Secondly the compensatory pleasure of passing his affection onto them. The conflict within Hans arose by his inability to cognise his fathers ole in Hannas (and therefore his own) birth. Hans could understand that he and Hanna were his mothers children after all he now knew she had bought them into the world. But what role had his father played and what gave him the right to say they were his? As discussed Hans considered his fathers presence detrimental to his kinship with his mother for exam ple by preventing her from sleeping with him. This revelation further built Hans hostility towards his father which was compounded by stork lie which Hans perceived to be a conscious decision by his father to keep Hans from the intimacy he was thirsting for. This, Hans concluded, was therefore putting him at a disadvantage on two fronts. Despite hating his rival he was the same father whom he had always loved and was bound to go on loving, who had been his model, had been his first playmate, and had looked after him from his earliest infancy thus giving rise to his first conflict. Freud therefore states that the hostile complex against his father screened the lustful one about his mother. Summary Conclusions Witnessing the horse falling down carried no traumatic force.It acquired deduction due do Hans former interest in them and the earlier event in Gmunden which ace to the association of horses from Fritzl to his father. This was then compounded by the redundant association of the horse falling with his mother in childbirth. Freud describes this return of the repressed as returning in such a manner that the the infective material was remodelled and transposed on to the horse-complex, while the accompanying affects were uniformly turned into anxiety. Hans phobia was also further distorted by the warning he had been given about masturbation and its link to the hostility he felt towards his father. Hans was later affected by a great wave of repression giving up masturbation and turning away in disgust at everything that reminded him of excrement and of the pleasure he had previously derived from observing other multitude performing their natural functions. This repression, considered natural by Freud Three Essays 1905d, Standard Ed. , was not notwithstanding the precipitating cause of the illness. The two key conditions leading to Hans phobia were tendencies within Hans that had already been suppressed and had therefore never been able to find abandone d expression i) Hostile and Jealous feelings towards his father ii) Sadistic impulses (premonitions of copulation) towards his mother. These repressed ideas forced their way into Hans consciousness as the (distorted) content of the phobia. As Freud describe this was besides a paltry success as the forces of repression made use of the opportunity to extend their dominion over components other than those that had rebelled. The purpose of the phobia was therefore to restrict his movement Keeping him closer to his mothers affections. Hans had always taken pleasure in movement Im a young horse, he had utter as he jumped about p. 58. This pleasure in movement had however included the instinctive impulse to copulate with his mother and resulted in Hans causing his symbol of movement (the horse) to develop into a conscious anxiety. Alfred Adler suggested that anxiety arrises from the quelling of an aggressive instinct Adler, Der Aggressionstrieb im Leben und in der Neurose (1908).Howeve r Freud disagrees with this notion and goes on to state that this onset is an indispensable attribute of all instincts. Or to simplify each instinct has its own power of becoming aggressive. Frued identifies the two instincts which became repressed in Hans as familiar components of the sexual libido. Freud seemed to hold Hans in high regard describing him as well formed physically, and was a cheerful, amiable, active-minded young fellow who might give pleasure to more people than his own father. He went on to observe that it is by no means such a rare thing to find object-choice and feelings of love in boys at a similarly previous(predicate) age. Signigficantly he also goes on to speculate that sexual precocity is a correlate, which is seldom absent, of intellectual precocity, and that it is therefore to be met with in gifted children more often than might be expected. This is demonstrated by Hans ability to blood-related abstract reasoning particularly towards his childish sexual theories relating to the origin of his sister Hanna.Freud continues to say that Hans is not the only child who has been overtaken by a phobia at some time or other in his childhood. In fact such phobias can be extraordinarily frequent. Typically Their phobias are shouted down in the nursery because they are inaccessible to treatment and are decidedly inconvenient. In the course of months or years they diminish, and the child seems to recover but no one can tell what psychological changes are necessitated by such a recovery, or what alterations in character are involved in it. He therefore concludes that Hans illness may not have been any more serious than that of many other children who are not branded as degenerates. As discussed in previous papers For example last section of the third of Freuds Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality(1905d), Standard Ed. , 7, 225. psycho-analytic analysis of adult neurotics regularly identifies infantile anxiety as the point of departur e. Freud goes on to discus wider societal issues stating that we concentrate too much upon symptoms and concern ourselves too little with their causes. An issue arguable still as relevant today as it as at the time of Freuds writing. Freuds concern was that In bringing up children we aim only at being left in peace and having no difficulties, in short, at training up a model child, and we pay very little attention to whether such a course of development is for the childs good as well. It can therefore be argued that the phobia was in fact an advantage for Hans as it directed his parents to unavoidable difficulties in overcoming the naive instinctual components of the mind. With his father assistance Hans now longer carries the repressed complexes other children still have to bear. It is also fair to state (as Freud does) that such complexes (as the origins of babies) are not only repressed by children but dreaded by their parents. Freud also looked to counter potential criticism that by bringing Hans wicked instincts into his conscious he might act upon then. For example acting out his evil wishes against his father?In his Postscript (1922) Freud scornfully comments that some readers of the case study had foretold a most evil future for little Hans who had been a victim of psychoanalysis thus robbing him of his innocence. He triumphantly reports that none of these predictions had come true and that the analysis actually facilitated Hans recovery. It had in fact helped prepare him for the emotional turbulency of his parents separation in subsequent years. A further point to consider from the postscript is teenage Hans apparent infant amnesia towards the challenges of his early years.He also argues in favour of full disclosure by telling him about the vagina and copulation allowing him to put an end to his stream of questions without loosing love for his mother or his own childish nature. In his conclusion Freud discusses a number of principles common to innovational psychotherapy. For example A number of individuals are constantly passing from the course of action of healthy people into that of neurotic patients, while a far smaller number also make the journey in the opposite direction. A childs upbringing can exercise a powerful influence for good or for evil upon the disposition they subsequently exhibit. The origin of pathogenic complexes deserves to be regarded by educators as an invaluable guide in their conduct towards children. And subsequently At what cost has the suppression of inconvenient instincts been achieved? He also passes comment on the psychoanalytic process itself. Specifically relating to this analysis he states Previously, his father the therapist had been able to tell him Hans in advance what was coming, while Hans had merely followed his lead and come trotting after but now it was Hans who was forging ahead, so rapidly and steadily that his father the therapist found it difficult to keep up with him. T his alludes to the large challenge the therapist faces in containing and interpreting the information and emotions the patient transfers onto them. In the case of Hans this is compounded by the conflict produced within the father-son/therapist-patient diad. Something Freud refers to when discussing the considerable restriction in bringing Hans hostility towards his father into the little boys conscious. This is summarised beautifully by Freud in the following paragraph The physician is a step in front of him in knowledge and the patient follows along his own road, until the two meet at the appointed goal. Beginners in psycho-analysis are apt to cod these two events, and to suppose that the moment at which one of the patients unconscious complexes has become known to them is also the moment at which the patient himself recognises it. They are expecting too much when they think that they will cure the patient by inform him of this piece of knowledge for he can do no more with the information than make use of it to help himself in discovering the unconscious complex where it is anchored in his unconscious.

Assignment 26 Safeguarding

15 ASSIGNMENT 26 record HOW TO SAFEGUARD THE WELLBEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE TASK A BREIFING NOTES FOR unexampled WORKERS HOW TO SAFEGUARD THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN E genuinely boor or fresh soulfulness has the undeni fitted right to grow and develop in a effective environment that synthetic rubberguards them from vilification and maltreatment, to enable them to oblige the best available embodylihood chances to develop into one-year-old adults. There is no single piece of lawmaking for safeguarding sm every fryren in the UK but lots of laws and guidelines which atomic number 18 changing all the period with new principle.This is fis certainlyed by Westminster, the Welsh Assembly Government, Northern Ireland Assembly and the Scots Parliament this is statutory jurisprudence. The way courts interpret laws is issuen as deterrent example Law which croupe pay an effect on changing Statutory Law. babe shelter legislation is in 2 categories Civil law and t urn law. 16. Civil Law is in 2 aras Public Law which redacts ashess and branches to stifle the guess of barbarianren coming to injury and records what action should happen if they argon at risk. Private Law sorts bring pop family fulfill and divorce.Accomp whatsoevering stuff and nonsense Promoting Wellbeing and ResilienceCriminal Law conceives with commonwealth who realize offended or atomic number 18 at risk of offending against nipperren. The Children and preadolescent Persons deed of conveyance 1933 is the oldest piece of legislation with only parts of it still in force today, it gives a describe of offences against fryren cognise as Schedule sorcerer Offences. These include familiar assault, assorted forms of maltreat and maltreatment ranging from murder to dominate. Anyone found guilty of one or more than of these offences becomes a Schedule One Offender regardless of their bestride or sentence and this status result stay with them for life.T hey will be monitored by the local authorities who take hold a record of where they live and who with, they submit to go to the law of nature station to sign a picture on very regular bases to prove that they atomic number 18 and still brisk where logged Sex offenders Act 1997. Children Act 1989 is the bases of the current kid protection system. It has a number of principles The Paramountcy Principle that means a tykes offbeat is paramount when making ends roughly their upbringing, a court require to see the peasants feelings and what they want and only pay off an parliamentary law if its better for the hild than not making one, where possible retaining family links and the childs home. Pargonntal Responsibility was introduced which is the rights, responsibilities and duties by law a parent of a child has regarding the child and their property. It in any case states the local authority has a duty to investigate 17. and protect if they take over reasonable secure out to speculate a child is suffering or the likes ofly to suffer any sort of combat injury. Likewise has a duty to provide go for children in need and their families.England and Wales have a separate document workss in contrive to Safe guard Children 2006 which emphasises the responsibilities of Professionals towards children at risk and to work unneurotic with opposite agencys/authorities. The Welsh Assembly Government 2006 on the job(p) together under the Children Act 2004, The Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 and the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 all share the alike(p) principles but have their own guidance, as Children Act 1989.The death of capital of Seychelles Climbie by her disquietrs, led to an inquiry into how she and others over the years died, the Lambing Report authorize by Lord Laming criticised the approach to protecting children in society gum olibanum led to EVERY CHILD MATTERS GREEN PAPER which in go game led to the Children Act 2004 as services f or children were still not working together to protect and identify vulnerable children. This brought in childrens directors who have the responsibility for education, Local authority and childrens social services. Lead Councillors who have political responsibility for child welfare.A Common Assessment Framework to ease notice welfare get hold of for agencies. 18. Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards who have statuary powers to make legitimate all services (education, police, NHS affectionate operate jejuneness justice system) work together promoting the wellbeing and make arrangements to safeguard and fire the welfare of children and investigate all child deaths in their area. Bichard Inquiry where a caretaker who was known to be a danger to children by one police authority, whos vetting CRB check didnt flag this up by any(prenominal) other authority.This brought in the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 which made a centralized vetting and prohibit scheme for people working with children. Working with Northern Irelands safeguarding vulnerable groups (NI) order 2007 and Scotlands protection of vulnerable groups (Scotland) Act 2007 makes a robust system for vetting lag and barring people who are unsuitable to work with children crosswise the whole of the UK. The Children Act 2004 made it illegal to hit a child if it ca expends mental harm or a lasting mark on the skin.Sexual Offences Act 2003 updated the legislation relating to offences against children to include grooming, abuse of a position of trust, child trafficking this also covers offences committed whilst overseas by a UK citizen. 19. Female genital Mutilation Act 2003 made it a criminal offence for Uk nationals or lasting UK residents to take or help take a girl abroad to carry out genital mutilation. The Criminal Justice and Immigproportionn Act 2008 says people who commit child sex offences abroad, raze if its not illegal in the country they committed it will still governing body prosecution in the UK.Data Protection Act Organisations give sucking personal maintaination to keep it secure, use it only when needed and accurate and kept up to date. Child protection with in a wider concept of safeguarding All agencies, services and authorities not only have a duty to safeguarding children from neglect or abuse but to have a Staying Safe implement political program enabling every child to roll in the hay safe environment wherever they spend their time. Its vital that carers/ round have a life-threatening understanding of the risks to childrens guard.By having an up to date Safety deputy making risk sagaciousnesss on the venue and activities under taken, keeping them safe from accidents and promoting their welfare in a safe and healthy environment. An action Plan to safeguard from bulling, evil and in mostwhat beliefs forced marriages need to be in base. This affects the day to day child care working place by All employees to be CRB checked and a du ty to inform the Safeguarding Authorities if any staff or volunteer poses a affright to the children. 20.Staff must sign a confidentiality summatement, stating not to discuss or run any details of the children by word or lucre to anyone take away staff or local authorities if needed. wellness and Safety with risk sound judgement made on the venue and activities fetching place there. be in possession of all windows and doors locked/secure so the children bungholet get out and strangers cant get in. Visitors to the venue can only be allowed in, if they are known/expected to staff and/or identification is shown. Visitors need to be sign(a) in the visitors book and signed out again when they leave the building. realise a indemnity for the protection of children and arrangements to arbitrate with local safeguarding authorities logarithm all comments or incidents you observe and harbour to be potentially harmful to establish a file, and takeing Social Services or Child Prote ction if a case is proving likely. Staff to be Qualified and appropriate training kept up to date i. e. foremost Aid, Health and Safety, Food Hygiene and Child Protection. All outings to be risked assessed, children to give birth high visible jackets, the mark ratio of staff to children and a appoint of all children with contact details of their carer and try for for them to go on the outing.To hold all parent contact details and medical scrutiny needs of all children. 21. To have a senior adequately trained segment of staff to undertake all of the above. Inquiries and secure Case Reviews processes are required when a child dies and neglect or abuse is suspected or known to be a factor of the death and they are called in by the Local Safeguarding Childrens Board (LSCB) they involve all local allowance Childrens Services, Police, Health, inculcate or any other agency mat needed. All involved services make a management analyze of its practices to see if any changes need to be made.An independent overview report is through with(p) which looks at the management reports and they make recommendations, they are commissioned by the LSCB. Ofsted are notified by the Local Authorities of all cases that lead to a Serious Case Review whether it a death or suffered harm as a result of abuse/neglect or there are concern/media coverage raised well-nigh a professional practice. The process used by my work setting regarding data education, information use and sharing is they hold information on children in order to stake their victimisation, progress and provide pastoral care and to assess how we are doing as a whole.The information consists of contact details, attendance, heathenish groups, relevant medical needs and any special educational needs. Sometime we are required to pass on data to Local Authorities they will make an assessment of any special educational needs. Dept. Education and skills use the data for search and statistical purposes to allocate f unds and rectify education form _or_ system of government and agencies such as Ofsted they use data about progress, performance of children to help inspectors to try the Early Learning settings and part of Ofsteds assessment of effectiveness of 22.Education initiatives and policy and Qualification and curriculum Authority use information about children to consider national assessments such as the Foundation Stage Profile. At 5yrs assessment are made on all children and passed onto Local Authority. We hold information including, contact details, progress reports, relevant medical information, attendance and accident/ daub records and records of observation and assessment of childrens achievement and development. Attached is a transcript of our confidentiality policy and procedure.TASK B 1. Safeguarding children is all important(p) because far also many a(prenominal) children have got abuse and/or neglect by their parents/carers. This is very sadly arise from 25,700 in 2003 to 26,400 in 2006 in England alone. 2. A person-centred approach is important as Every Child Matters so they can be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and enjoy economic well-being, having a national framework to aid the joining of all the services, to plan and fill the needs of individuals rather than a group.All children have the right to have their voices comprehend regarding plans and razets in their lives as stated by the United Nation recipe on the Rights of the Child. 3. What is meant by a partnership working in the circumstance of safeguarding children is people and agencies who are involved with the welfare of a child working with professionals such as Child minders, Health visitors, police, GP, Social Workers, teachhouse and local community. 23. 4. Organisation Role of organisationResponsibility Social Services Assessing childrens needs in the community.The wellbeing, protection and health . of the child NSPCC position and prevent child crueltyChild protection, ensuring an appropriate and speedy response Health VisitorAssess child development Health of the young child and work with . S/Services and Police and agencies GPHealth care to the communityGet the appropriate agencies involved and work alongside themProbation Support convicted people rehabilitate Supervise offender to reduce reoffending Protecting the public Police Criminal proceedings in Safeguardingto investigate any criminal offences. 24. School machinate young peopleMonitor the child and work with S/Service . and Child Protection Psychology Service CounsellingWork with the child and jump out them with issues regarding to the abuse Leisure groups i. e. (Scouts) inculcate life skills/sportsWork with the Agencies involved and . o be trained in Child Protection. Child MinderTake care and look after young people To be trained in Child Protection so they can . Identify early abuse and work with other agencies Task C It is important to keep children protected in the work setting, as parent/carers pass their children into your care to keep them from harm and they need to be confidant that their child is safe, failure to do so is a breach of professional values.There are policies that protect the child and adult who works with them. 25. Physical contact Have clear policies on how to manage it. Young children need physical contact virtuallytimes when they woe themselves, fallen over etc. where a approach can help them to recover corroborate to play, as well as medical help if needed. Too much can be substantially mistaken and people have lost their jobs and reputations, you must always make sure you are clear at what is acceptable and have a clear clean-cut play area for all to see.With very young children and babies, intermit contact is used, such as nappy changing or wet clothes. Policies are there to safeguard you and the child, never do this with a door closed or out of sight of your mates. Photos written consent from the parents for photos to be taken and used within the setting and their journals or publications/newsletters. endlessly get parents to sign to say they will only use photos/videos of the children i. e. concert and nativity for their own personal use and not to be put on the internet or social earningsing sites.CRB Checks Are made on all staff to safeguard the children. Staff are in a position of trust by the parent/carer and the child. Children look up to and watch over people in positions of trust, so think very carefully about your own behaviour and example you set. Listening to children can give you a lot of information and sometimes things of concern, if that is the case try not to agree to keep it a secret, tell them you will share it with your motorbus. Make sure you record all details and report it if you are concerned about their welfare. 26.Whistle blowing If you have any idea of poor practice, whether its a colleague or manager you must report it and not ignore it. a ntenna another member of staff or managers tell them and put your concerns in writing with all the facts, make sure something is accepte. You have the right to be protected from the person you have raised concerns about (UK Public kindle Disclosure Act 1998) Outings need to be risk assessed, outlining traffic danger, equipment, buildings and lay youre visiting and the weather too and minimise or take away the hazard use control measures. I. e. walking in the street.Hazard traffic and the child wondering off, so make sure you have the correct ratio of adults to children on an outing and to wear hi vis wear. The weather, a child acquiring wet or cold, so make sure you have the correct clothes. Steps can be difficult for young children so make sure they have adult help. Task D In the linguistic context of safeguarding children there are recognisable signs that can indicate abuse, neglect are taking place. Not all signs actually mean it is, for instance some African/Asian children can have dark blue like areas on their lower back and buttocks known as Mongolian Blue Spot.Darkened skin or birth mark can be mistaken for bruising. One of the first signs is Emotional and behaviour rather than physical marks. Emotional revilement is where love, acceptance and approval is not given and constantly been blamed or criticized. Signs of this can include low self-esteem, neurotic behaviour, hair twisting, continual rocking, self-harm, development delay or sudden change or problem with patois such as stammering, extreme 27. withdrawal or aggression. Emotional abuse is usually linked with neglect.Physical abuse is where a child is harmed or hurt by hitting, beating with objects, kicked, shaken or thrown and can cause bruising, cuts, injurys (broken bones) or even death. Signs of this can be eating away too much clothing trying to cover up, refusal to change for PE or take clothes off in the warm weather. Burns and injuries that are unexplained and reoccur, bald patch in their hair, frightened to be moved(p) and shying or dodging back if approached and aggressive behaviour towards others and themselves. Look out for grasp marks on the body i. e.Arms, neck, chest, knees and shoulders, finger marks on their cheeks and outline of objects like belt buckle on their buttocks. omit is where a parent/carer doesnt provide shelter, warmth, food that is nourishing, clothes and protection. come-at-able signs of this could include constantly hungry or stealing food the neediness of normal body weight, poor personal hygiene and dress, untreated medical issues, poor or if any social consanguinitys, constant tiredness and mordant tendencies. Sexual abuse is when a child is persuaded or forced into taking part in sexual acts/situations.This ranges from being shown sexual images, being spot inappropriately, harassed by sexual comments and suggestions and forced to have sex. Signs of this can be sexual knowledge/behaviour far more ahead of their age, dont like b eing touch or close to people or removing clothing for examination or PE at school, start to fork up wet and soil day and night, withdrawn and not being able to concentrate, regressing to younger behaviour such as thumb sucking, become insecure, outrage of appetite, trying to be over perfect, a sudden dislike to be left with someone (uncle, friend, babysitter etc. and drawing sexual images. 28. D2 put through Description 1. ListenListen carefully to what they say. 2. ReactionDont look shocked or ask leading questions. 3. CommunicateTalk at the childs pace without pressure. 4. BelieveAccept what the child is saying. 5. AssuranceTell them they are right to tell someone. 6. neer PromiseNever promise to keep it a secret. 7. Never JudgeNever put the perpetrator down as they could still love them. 8. ReportReport it to your manager. 9. Log Write all the facts down. 10. AlertAlert the appropriate authorities.D3 Example of the rights children and their carers has in cases of harm/abuse. 1. The child has the right not to be subjected to repeated medical examination and questioning after an allegation of abuse be it physical or sexual in nature. 29. 2. Members of the family have the right to know what is being give tongue to about them and have an input to important discussions about theirs and the childrens lives. 3. Children have the right to have their views taken into account about their future and to be kept fully informed in processes involving them and dealt with sensitively.Task E Bulling there are varied character references of bulling homophobic because of gender differences, racist due to assorted ethnic/religious background, disabilities where they might be in a wheelchair/callipers, special educational needs such as Autism etc. and electronic bulled via the internet/texting. This can be through physically by hitting, kicking, pinching and any violent threats. verbally name calling, persistent teasing, spreading of rumours and insults/sarcasm. Emotio nal bulling is when someone is isolating by excluding and not blabing to them, torment and humiliation.Cyber bulling is when information is used to cause shake up and hurt to somebody by the use of the internet, mobile and technology. Any type of bulling can make a child or young person feel depressed, isolated, sad with a low self-esteem, shy, run away and even suicidal. Policies and Procedure Management have the duty to implement an Anti-Bulling Policy and check up on all staff is aware(p) of it and how to deal with bullying. The manager ensures that all children mystify to accept that bulling is wrong and unacceptable behaviour and monitor that it is being implemented. 30. The manager will ensure all staff is sufficiently trained to deal with incidents.Staffs take all forms of bulling very seriously and intervene to prevent incidents happening. A record of any incidents is kept on file and the manager notified. If staff witness an act of bulling they will do all they can to deliver the person or persons being bullied, if a child is bullied over a period of time after discussion with the manager, the parent will be informed. The pre-school will do all they can to help the child improve their behaviour and make them aware their actions are not acceptable. If the bulling persists the parent will be asked in to discuss this with the manager.Parents who might be concerned that their child is being bullied or suspect them being bullied, should contact the Pre-school manager immediately. Parents have a responsibility to support the Pre-schools anti bullying policy and officiously encourage their child to be a positive member of school life. Parents are also expected to help develop their childs social skills, in support of the Pre-schools ethos. Story of Bulling A young teenage girl, who had buck teeth and a personal odour problem, enjoyed the internet and social network site as she didnt have many friends and was a bit of a loner.Her family thought she wa s a computing device whiz as she was very good at ICT so didnt keep too much of an eye on her, as this was her only 31. Social thing she did. It was during the summer holidays she got a friends request from a boy at school, she accepted the request and started chatting. everyplace the next 6 weeks, he asked her to be his girlfriend as he had always fancied her, she accepted. They chatted for hours sharing some very intermit things and experiences, she was totally in love with him and he told her he loved her too. She was really looking forward to meeting up with him at school when they went back.On the first day of school they had arranged to meet by the water fountain in the playground, when she got there she saw him standing waiting along with a large group of girls and boys laughing, calling her names and ingeminate some of the intermit things she had told him, she realised it was a horrible prank and she was devastated. Over the next few weeks she was so upset and got more an d more depressed, not eating and totally shutting herself away and refusing to go to school some days saying she didnt feel well, as the rumours spread and comments on the internet got worse.Her parents tried talking to her but she just said she was ok and they put it down to teenage and her period pains until one dawn when they found her dead, she had taken an overdose and in her hand was a tuberosity to her parent saying Im sorry. Looking back over this story the girl could still be alive if her computing machine access was monitored in an area open for the family to see. Her teeth could have been seen by an Orthodontic and she could have been taught about personal hygiene at home. School could have discussed this with her and if need be the parents as well.Encouraging her to join after school clubs could also have helped. The school should have noticed the signs of bullying and acted 32. upon it full-grown the girl support and reassurance whilst dealing with the bullies and explaining that their actions were unacceptable and how it affects people and how they would feel if it was through with(p) to them. School should have liaised with the family about their concerns. Task F 1. Giving young people/children praise and encouragement will help with their self-confidence.Teaching them to be more assertive while still respecting others needs and encouraging tolerance and cooperation among their peers and others will help boost childrens self-esteem. 2. Its important to support resilience when working with children/young people because it helps them deal and cope with different situations, whether they are good or bad as they get sure-enough(a) and develop into young adults. 3. This can be achieved by the family giving the child love and stability, having a good and secure early attachment, a good sense of self identity. In the work place you could o this by helping them to act independently and to encourage them to try new and different things. 4. Childr en/young people need to develop strategies to protect themselves and make decision about being safe, as this teaches them what is acceptable behaviour and what isnt. Its very important they are comfy 33. with whom they are with, what they are doing and what is being done to them. You can support them with this by being approachable to talk too about their concerns and to be caring and reassuring as possible. Children need to learn how to behave in activities and the danger some behaviour has and the consequence it could cause.Road safety device is also very important to teach children to keep safe. Educating children about the dangers that some adults pose and how to minimise them, including how to keep safe while they are using the internet/social network sites. Making them aware of the dangers of substance abuse and provide them with age related sex/relationship education including sexual health and safe sex advise and where they can also set about help if they cannot talk to yo u. 5. Ways of how to empower children/young people to make positive choices. 1 Teach young children about their bodies and how it works.As they get old(a) explaining puberty and how their bodies are changing into young adults and to give them sex/relationship education including contraception/safe sex and sexually transmitted diseases and aware of other agencies that can help them if they need it. 2 Road safety you start when they are very young by holding their hold to cross the road telling them the Green cross figure (copy of the code attached) teaching them to cross safely, then moving onto crossing with you without holding your hand, working to being able to cross on their own with supervision, until they can do it without adult supervision. 4. 3. The internet. When young children are using the internet they should have maternal supervision and parental security put into place on the computer reducing the risk of assessing inappropriate sites. The computer should be in an o pen downstairs place where it can be seen (not hidden away in the child bedroom). Ensure you child isnt using social network sites under age i. e. Facebook has a minimum age of 13yrs. and when they do use these sites, teach them to put their security settings on so only friends can view their age. Never to befriend someone they dont know or give out personal details/photos even if they say they are the same age, as this could be a much onetime(a) person grooming or trying to exploit them. These sites can also have the danger of cyber bulling, so give the child the effective advice of what to do if any of this happens. Always check what your child is assessing and who they are communicating to, even when they are older teenagers. Task G IssueRiskPossible consequences Being online 1Gambling sites flood the network.Addiction and crime to support their habit. 2 Exposure to violent material. They could imitate the violence seen. 35. 3Grooming/PaedophilesPhysical harm and psychological i mpact. Mobile phones RiskPossible consequences 1Bulling via textlow self-esteem, depression, self-harm, health if not eating well. 2Health Its 5 times more likely of children developing cancer due to excessive useof mobile phone as childrens skulls are thinner so the radiation penetrates deeper. 3Pornography Exposure to sexually explicit material, become sexually active under age. AREAWAYS OF REDUCING RISK Social networking1. Safe security settings. 2. provided befriend/chat to people you know. Internet use1. Computer to be in an open area for all to see. 2. Parental controls 36. Buying online1. Make sure its a safe padlocked site. 2. Buy from reputable companies look for contact details and returns/delivery policies. Using a mobile phone1. Only talk and text to people you know. 2. Restrict the time children use mobile phones to reduce the amount of radiation penetrating.

Universal Education

11 important Problems of Universalization of culture and their Remedies SWASTIK Universalization of principal(a) Education is Constitutional guiding. Education is every bodys birth-right and it is binding on any establish ment to bring home the bacon facilities for tuition for clawren who are born and reach the trail-going age. It was stipulated to achieve Universalization at heart 10 years from the introduction of Constitution and that is by 1960. save it is without delay more than three decades after the scheduled time.Now the fusss with certain possible remedies to crop them have been discussed as follows (1) Faulty Policy of presidency The constitutional directive is that states sh entirely endeavour to provide free and compulsory gentility to all children until they round the age of 14 years. But it is a matter of regret that the positive(p) goal has non been reached as yet. The main cause for this is that the form _or_ system of government of regimen was base d on idealism. Basic education was accepted as the stock of national education.Being inspired with this aim, work started to convert the vivacious first-string schools into grassroots schools. India is a vast country with a very freehanded population. coin was too oft in shortage for implementation of so pricey a scheme of innovation of a large number of Elementary Schools. government activity has also admitted this. In such a situation, the best policy would have been to make separate treatment for the basic schools along with the popular primary and middle schools. (2) Political Difficulties Education is the basis of democracy.It is necessary to school the citizens in club to make democracy a success. But so far the Government of India has non been able to devote their full fear towards education. Main reason is that since the attainment of Independence, Government had to face the problems of food, of inimical neighbours, the problem of Kashmir, the problem of lingui stic states etc. Those problems lock up exist and these problems have all along forced to allocate so much money that Government has not been able to devote their due attention for elementary education.The Government is responsible to solve the political problems the Government is also duty-bound for gleam progress of public education. On no account, this quietness of Government towards world-wide primary education could be justified. (3) Faulty Administration of Education In most of the states the responsibility of universal primary education is on the regimen of Blocks, Municipalities and Educational Districts. The progress of working out of primary education gets slow because of the indifference and incapability of these institutions.In fact, it is the responsibility of the nation to educate its citizens. It is necessary that the Government of India should feature upon itself the dedicated work of universal enrolment and universal retention at the Elementary stage. In fac t it is the responsibility of the action to educate its citizens. (4) shortage of Money Inadequacy of money is a serious problem that confronts primary schools. Income of the local institutions responsible for primary education is so much particular that they are totally incapable of partakeing the expenditure of compulsory education.To meet the requirements of compulsory basis education it was estimated that an annual expenditure of Rs. 269. 5 crores impart be required. But in the First Five Year jut out the allocation was Rs. 93 crores and this allocation was reduced to Rs. 89 crores in the randomness Plan. So sincere and honest efforts should be made to educate as umteen children as possible so as to banish analphabetism to the maximum extent possible. Only after abolition of analphabetism, quality of education as a matter of importance should come. (5) Dearth of Trained Teachers at that place is shortage of trained teachers to make Elementary Education Universal and comp ulsory.Nowadays, the preteen teachers do not wish to work in cracker-barrel areas. But the fact remains that majority of first-string Schools are in rural areas. The chief reason of non-availability of suitable teachers is that teaching work is not mesmerizing for many persons, since the salary of primary teachers is hopelessly low. The condition of Scheduled areas is still more miserable. The hilly and impassable jungle areas with very unworthy discourse and transport facilities fail to attract the present day luxury-loving young men.Teachers should be provided with proper dwelling in the villages of their work. The question of Women teachers is very much special. So the question of teachers quarters, residential schools, especially residential Ashram Schools in the Scheduled areas should be provided. The quality of teachers gutter be improved by executing a training progrmme for the untrained teachers in service on basis of study-leave basis. (6) giving medication and Sch ool Buildings Even the Third and Fourth All India Educational Surveys betoken that even now there are lakhs of villages and habitations without schools.There are nearly 4 lakhs schoolless villages in India which are to be given schools. It is not that easy to provide necessary funds for setting up such a large number of schools with buildings and other equipments. In order to meet this problem of raw buildings along with the animate schools in private houses, temples, verandah of rich persons, residence of teachers etc. should be met by construction of low cost houses of thatched roof or tile with local materials looking to the weather conditions of certain places fall in air stands may be taken up in the ShantiNiketan pattern.All the same, the Primary schools should have accommodations of their own as far as practicable. Problem of school houses along with the problem of lack of teachers in all the primary schools can be solved through shift system in the existing schools. In o rder to enrol the additional age-group 6-14 children additional section live should be constructed. (7) Unsuitable Curriculum The curriculum for primary schools is narrow and irreconcilable to the local inescapably. The curriculum should be interesting for the children for its continuance.Learning by work should supplant the emphasis on monotonous bookish knowledge. Education of craft should be given in the primary schools in accordance with the local needs and requirements. But the schemes of craft education in the primary schools should not of passing expensive ones. (8) Wastage and Stagnation It is another major problem and commodious rampart for universalization of Elementary Education. Out of every 100 students enrolled in layer I more than half leave schools by Class IV, only 32 pupils reach class V and only 26 reach class VIII.This is due to the lack of educational atmosphere, un worthy environment, lack of devoted teachers, poor economic condition of parents, absenc e of proper equipment etc. In order to check such massive wastage and stagnation at the primary stage, existing educational system and curriculum should be reformed, teaching method should be interesting, school buildings should be adequate and neat and clean, and the parents should be educated. These may care the problem of wastage and stagnation to be solved. (9) Natural Obstacles Natural barriers are the great obstacles in the way of refinement of compulsory education.The village and small habitations in areas of Himalayan regions, Kashmir, Garhwal, Almora with less population are situated in distances apart. So also the desert areas in Rajasthan, the dense forest areas in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and many Southern States create problems for expected enrolment. These are very very strong areas with lack of communication and of Education and School Organization absence of transport. It is desirable to make provision, for schooling facilities even in small habitations witho ut leaving much for mobility of small children in the severe cold, heat or heavy rains 10) friendly Evils Social evils like superstition, illiteracy faith in ancient conventions and customs, child marriages, untouchability, pardah system etc. create innumerable obstacle in the expansion of compulsory primary education. Still man persons get their sons and daughters married at a very minor age against the Child Marriage barricade Act and deprive these school-going children of the fruits of education. Because of illiteracy and ignorance these social evils grow. The educated young men and women should volunteer themselves to remove these evils of society in their neighbourhood.Against these social evils, the work of expansion of universal enrolment should not be slackened, since social evils flourish because of illiteracy and ignorance. (11) Language Problem 1961 Census reports about 826 languages and 1652 dialects in the country. The Constitution of India, 1950 mentions 14 languages , which can be made specialty of education. Compulsory education has not been fully introduced among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and denotified tribes in the country. This is due to the hindrances of languages as medium of education.In the Five Year Plans the incentive programmes of free text-books, free uniform, stipends in hostels, and conversion of Residential Ashram Schools etc. do not improve matters much. The responsibility of education of these castes and tribes, who are staggering under the weight of misery and poverty for centuries, should not be left alone on Govt. Voluntary and philanthropic brass section and people should come forward to assist the Government in this sacred and significant work of the nation.

Dophus Raymond Essay

In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the volume of Maycomb are prejudice. According to them, the altogether way a white adult male would be able to equivalent a black man more than a white man is if he was an wet or had some type of dysfunction. This applies to the majority of the people in Maycomb. Dolphus Raymond, however, is not part of this stereotype. He doesnt have a dysfunction and only judges to be an dry. Mr. Raymond is both caring and sly. When Dolphus Raymond sees dill weed happen extinct of the courthouse crying, he tries to comfort him and divine service him feel better.This shows that Dolphus Raymond is caring. Dolphus Raymond then calls dill weed to come to him and says, Here, offering Dill his paper sack with straws in it. fall a good sip, itll quieten you. (Lee, 200) This shows he is caring because he gives Dill some of his Coca-Cola to help him. Mr. Raymond reaches out to Dill when he is crying to help him feel better. Then, after Scout ask s wherefore he pretends to be an alcoholic he says, Wh-oh yes, you mean why do I pretend? . any(prenominal) folks taket- homogeneous the way I live. Now I could save say to hell with em, I fall apartt care if they dont like it.I do say I dont care if they dont like it, right enough-but I dont say the hell with em see? (Lee, 200) This shows that nonetheless though people dont like the way he lives, he still pretends to be an alcoholic for people to latch on a ground why he lives the way he does. Also, as yet though its fake, he gives them a reason to discover why he lives a certain way.. Dolphus Raymond is sly as well. When Scout finds out whiskey isnt in the sack she says, You mean all you bedevil in that sacks Coca-Cola? Just plain Coca-Cola? Yes maam, Mr. Raymond nodded. (Lee, 200) He pretends to drink whiskey to help people latch on a reason why he likes blacks more than whites.Dolphus Raymond pretends to drink whiskey, but everyone else is the township thinks it is wh iskey. batch dont deduce his ways, so they just reprobate it on his drinking because they dont understand how he could like a black man more than a white one. He walks around pretending he is drunk. When I came into town, which is seldom, if I weave a little and drink out of this sack, folks can says Dolphus Raymonds in the clutch of whiskey-thats why he wont spay his ways. (Lee, 200)People think he has poor judgment because he pretends to be drunk, so they believe he wont be able to change his ways. He is also acting like an alcoholic and like a drunk, so people can have a reason to understand why he lives his life the way he does. Dolphus Raymond isnt an alcoholic or a drunk. He shows how caring and sly he is when he talks to the kids outside the courthouse. The people of Maycomb just cant understand his reasoning concerning blacks and whites. They expect him to live prejudice like them. He has to pretend to be disorderly, so people can have a reason for his actions and prefe rences.

Heat Stress in Workplac

August 2001 . HEATSTROKE / SUN STROKE This is not of necessity the result of exposure to the sun. It is caused by exposure to an surroundings in which the automobile trunk terminate no longer rid itself of excess wake. As a result, the body soon reaches a point where the heat-regulating mechanism breaks down whole and the internal temperature rises rapidly. SYMPTOMS Hot , dry skin which maybe red or bluish, severe headache, visual disturbances, rapid temperature rise, The v ictim s h o u ld b e r e m v d fro m o e t h e h e a t i mm d i a t e l y e and c o o le d r a p id ly , u s u a lly by wra p p i n g i n c o o l , we t s h e e t s .PRECAUTIONS Acclimatization Acclimatize litigateers to heat by giving them short exposures, followed by gradually longer periods of work in the savoury environment. Mechanical Cooling Forced ventilation and spot cool by mechanical means (fans, blowers) be helpful in engine cooling system. victimization power tools rather than manual labour keeps the body cooler. Rehydration W o r k e r s should be talk over to drink water beyond the point of thirst (every 15 to 20 proceeding) . High-carbohydrate diet escapes to increase fluid absorption and caffinated beverages like coffee tend to increase Safety &038 release DepartmentFor more detailed information on take fire tune, please refer to the proceeding pages. HEAT pains IN THE WORKPLACE Heat accent includes a series of conditions where the body is on a lower floor stress from overheating. It toilet include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat skin rash or heat stroke. Each produces bodily symptoms that can range from abundant sweating to dizziness to cessation of sweating and collapse. Heat stress can be caused by high temperatures, heavy work loads, the type of robes being worn, etc. It is important to know the signs of heat stress and the priggish eldest attending to treat it. See Common Forms of Heat Stress and recommended first aid on page 4). The signs of heat stress be lots overlooked by the victim. The employee may at first be confused or unable to concentrate, followed by more severe symptoms such(prenominal) as fainting and/or collapse. If heat stress symptoms occur, move the employee to a cool, shaded area, base him water and immediately contact the supervisor. At Risk Employees Some employees are more likely to have heat disorders than others. Younger employees and those more physically fit are often less likely to have problems.Employees with heart, lung or kidney disease, diabetes and those on medications are more likely to experience heat stress problems. Diet pills, sedatives, tranquilizers, and caffeinated drinks can all worsen heat stress effects. It often takes dickens to three weeks for employees to become acclimatized to a intense environment. This acclimatization can subsequently be lost in only a a couple of(prenominal) days away from the heat. Thus employees should be more cautious just about heat stress aft er coming back from a vacation, when descent a new job, or after the seasons first heat wave.In short, precautions should be taken anytime there are elevated temperatures (approaching 33 degrees C) and the job is physically demanding. Other Factors Other heat stress factors are as well as very important. In addition to temperature, increased relative humidity, change magnitude air movement or lack of shading from direct heat (radiant temperature) will all affect the potential for heat stress. Prevention of Heat Stress Supervisors Allow time for employees to adjust to hot jobs when possible. It often takes two to three weeks for an employee to become acclimated to a hot environment. Adjust the work schedule, if possible.Assign heavier work on cooler days or during the cooler part of the day. shave the workload. Increase the use of equipment during the summer period to reduce physical labor. founder a schedule for work and inhabit periods during hot days. Train workers to own signs and symptoms of heat stress disorders and be prepared to give first aid if necessary. Choose appropriate employees. Avoid placing high risk employees in hot work environments for extended time periods. Realize individual employees vary in their tolerance to heat stress conditions. Prevention of Heat Stress post Workers Learn to recognize the symptoms of heat stress. Pace the work, taking adequate rest periods (in shade or cooler environment). Use adequate fans for ventilation and cooling, particularly when wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Site workers have to wear jurisprudence overalls and hardhats. Always try to keep shaded from direct sunshine when possible. Your hardhat will not only protect your head from falling objects and such, but will also protect your head from direct sunshine. Drink plenty of water. In hot environments the body requires more water than it takes to satisfy thirst.Small quantities taken at shit intervals, about 150-200 mL of water every 15 to 20 minutes is an effective method for body fluid replacement. COMMON FORMS OF HEAT STRESS Condition Heat Cramps Signs/Symptoms Painful muscle spasms First Aid common salt water intake (. 5% solution) Sport drink intake (Gatorade) watch in cool environment Heavy sweating &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Brief fainting Blurred mental imagery Water intake Lie down in cool environment Heat Syncope &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Dehydration Fatigue Reduced movement Fluid and salted food intakeHeat Exhaustion &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Pale and clammy skin Lie down in cool environment Possible fainting Water intake Weakness, fatigue unloosen clothing Nausea Dizziness Heavy sweating Blurred mental imagery Body temp slightly elevated &8212&821 2&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Cessation of sweating Immediate, total cooling Skin hot and dry Transport to hospital Red face High body temperature Unconsciousness Collapse Convulsions Confusion or world(a) behavior Life threatening condition &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212Heat Stroke enthral direct any safety questions or concerns to SFE/2 the Safety and Fire Department, RAA. Tel 440-2534

Importance of Organisational Design

THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND ITS IMPACT ON ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR The squeeze of globalization and new technologies on business environment has made it live for systems to constantly reassess their social government activity. French et al (2008), stresses that an organisation should be adequate to figure of speech its tasks and delegate some duties so that it can achieve its delegacy and vision. It is necessary to explore the importance of organisational form and how it can help in understanding the behaviour of versed and formal groups.Organisational design refers to the roles and formal report relationships that exist within an organisation. According to French et al (2008), it is selecting and implementing a organise for an organisation. The coordinate of an organisation is the assigned interrelationships and networks that exist among organizational resources (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005). Organisational construction can be flat or hierarchic al, bureaucratic, organic or hybrid. on that point are arguments that organisations are now less hierarchical in twist (Molinsky et al, 2012).In contrast, there are several who claim that the modern organisational structures are salvage very controlling with top-down power (Diefenbach and Sillince, 2011). The purpose of the organisational design is to go down a layout for which the accusings of the organisation are achieved as it is to align with the organisations core competencies. Organisational design has to flexible and must be in colligation with the organisations strategy (Goold and Campbell, 2002). When the organisational strategy changes, components of organisation design such(prenominal) as structures roles and functions should be realigned to cater for this change (Corkindale, 2011).If there is a misalignment of organisation design with the organisations strategy, the result will be cross as employee performance will not drive organisational goals. Every organisatio n has both formal and informal structures. The formal structure represents the different types of design (i. e. hierarchical, matrix, flat etc. ) where the positions are clearly distinguished while the informal structure is built on individual associations and social processes (Mullins, 2011). This informal assure cuts across the formal structure and is needed to keep the formal structure in order.An organisational structure that emphasises the formal structure over the informal structure will lead to bureaucratic and rigid organisation. Also, organisation design dictates the parley and decision interlace within an organisation. Huber and McDaniel (1986) argue that organisations design should be carried with the objective of facilitating organisational decisions. Poor organisation design might lead to top steering totally detached from the base operation of the business, missing out life-and-death details on every day realities of the business.A good organisation design should provide us with an insight into the organisational strategy, its communication and decision making loop and if it takes advantage of its formal and informal structures. Where the organisation design cannot provide these insights, it is virtually likely ineffective. Therefore Managers should always therefore strive to get feedback from the employees to the highest degree the organisation structure and if it affects the ways they relate with one another and if it helps to perpetrate their achievement needs (French et al, 2008).

Philosophy Metaphysics Essay

Plato was a Greek philosopher who has written different articles and books on different subjects including poetry, politics, music, biology and zoology, physics and metaphysics and logical books. He was and is a rattling important figure on western sandwich culture philosophy. He was the inaugural and founder of who created the comprehensive philosophical system on the above key outed subjects. His confused views on practical sciences completely shaped and gave a direction to gallant scholars, their influence expanded far well into the culture although they were later replaced by modern physical science. fit in the study his work in biology was confirmed to be perfect and accurate as early as nineteenth century and contained the earliest kn profess courtly study with logics that were transform to modern form of study. He was also a mathematician and the founder of capital of Greece honorary society which was the first institution of higher learning in the western humanity. He was a Socrates student who was much influenced by his complex thin world power. Platos sophisticated wrings can be witnessed by reading his Socrates articles. Though Plato was a lecture in his academy, none of his pedagogical dialogues is known with a proof. Bibliography premature life The Platos exact own visualise is non known, simply according to ancient sources estimates that he was natural in Athens approximetry in the midst of 429 and 423 BC (Irwin,1995) He was a son to Ariston. Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. Platos bewilder was called Perictione, whose family had a undoubted relationship with the highest ranked and famous lawgiver of Athens and Solon the poet. Plato, Ariston and Perictione the sister to Chamides of the thirty tyrants had three other(a) children devil sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone.According to research conducted by ancient writers, his mother conceived through a virginal conception. Apollo the ancient Greek god appe atomic number 18d to Ariston in a vision, and this was a resulted why Ariston left Perictione unmolested. Another legend says that when Plato was quiescence as an infant, bees had settled on his lips a sign of the sweetness that would bunk for he would discourse philosophy. Ariston believed to have died during the Platos early life, although the exact date of his death is hard to know.Plato used to introduce his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or to mention them with some precision (Richard, 1993) Naming Plato was formally known as Aristocles, he was named after his grand father, his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, nicknamed him Platon, which was to be his future name sum broad on account of his robust figure. Plato derived this name from the breadth of his eloquence, or else because he was very wide across the forehead. (Eric, 2005) Socrates Plato made it clear in his apologies of Socrates that he was among t he member of Socrates young devoted followers.In the dialogue, Socrates name Plato as one of the corrupt youths who are close to him if he was in exertion guilty of corrupting the youth, he would question why his relatives did not stride forrader to testify against him if he really committed the crime. Plato was also fined unitedly with Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus on behalf of death penalty against them. (Taylor,2001). The relationship between the Plato and the Socrates is full of problems, Aristotle tries to attributes a different doctrine with respect to the ideas of Plato and Socrates but Plato always use other people to speak in his dialogues.In another letter of Plato states that no letter of Plato will exist, this brings in a question of whether the letters believed are his are really his of from Socrates. The relationship between the Plato and Socrates is an area that that answers the scholars question. (Roy, 2001) The Metaphysics of the Phaedo This is Platos chee rs to Socrates. This recounts the last moments of Plato and his teacher. He emphasizes that we ought to care and there is a concrete claim to care for our soul for this is to live in what he called philosophically.Plato tries to bring into tune between the ever-changing form of life and materials. Plato never gave deep translation on whatever he wrote about this was referred to as Platos doctrine. possibly the scholars tend to think Platos way of ex wardrobeion on metaphysics is not complete for he does not emphasize much on the changing form and souls and metaphysics this tends to give scholars a task of trying to understand what are the set principles Platos tried to bring forward. Plato never gave a interpretation of anything though it could give a clear picture of what is in his melodic theme (Mitchell,2004) Platos narrationPlato, though in his narration, he never participated as a character. He never claims that he has ever heard anything to do with his narration at first place with an exception of Socrates apology. In so me of his dialogues, there is no narrator examples of these are, Meno, Gorgias, Phaedrus, Crito, Euthyphro in other dialogues, they have been narrated by Socrates where he speaks as a first person examples of this are Lysis, Charmides, Apology, Republic. Socrates narrates to unidentified person. Platos absence in his own dialogues and character is identified as his holding his actual view.The question of why Plato distanced himself from the author ship of his own dialogues is an issue that went against the tradition of Socrates. (Edward,2007). Late life of Plato Plato the philosopher traveled to various countries world wide which include. Cyrene, Egypt, Italy and Sicily. He returned to Athens at an age of about forty. According to history, he found a nurture which is believed to be one of the almost organized by then in western culture on a piece of land in the Hecademus Grove. It was a big school on a piece of land owned by a c itizen of Athens called Academus.The academy operated until its closedown at around AD 529 by Justinian I of Byzantium who found the academy as a threat to Christian propagation. Many intellectuals were educated at the academy including the Aristotle. Plato died at an age of 84 in Athens. (John, 1999). Conclusion Plato set a formula to be followed by modern scholars. His writings stand unique among other scholars for he never used himself as a character in his dialogues. Though not known why he used other people, he stands to be among the ancient greatest scholars.The establishment of the academy paved way forward for those who were ready to learn including the Aristotle. He is to be remembered as far formal education is concerned. Footnotes Plato was 84 years old at his death 37 The academy operated until its closedown at around AD 52933 The Platos exact birth date is not known, but according to ancient sources estimates that he was born in Athens approximetry between 429 and 423 B C 36 He was also a mathematician and the founder of Athens academy 23 Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus on behalf of death penalty against them 46 generator Irwin, T (1995) Platos ethics, oxford university press, USA Richard, K. (1993) The Cambridge companion to Plato, Cambridge university press Eric, H. (2005) preface to Plato, Belknap press Roy, J. (2001) Plato. London, Holder and stroughton Mitchell, M. (2004). The Philosopher in Platos Statesman. Parmenides Publishing Edward, M. (2007). Plato. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. Taylor, E. (2001). Plato The Man and His Work, capital of Delaware Publications John, S. (1999). Chorology On Beginning in Platos Timaeus. Indiana University Press.